Given the prominent role of the family in the mental health of child, it seems reasonable to predict family-based factors because the family is considered as a socio-cultural system that has a set of rules; So that the impact of family on members is such that many researchers consider them as a main cause of disorders. The aim of this study was to predict children's anxiety based on parents' reactions to their negative emotions with mediating role of emotion regulation. In this respect, a descriptive-correlational study was performed and 232 preschool children and their parents in the city of Tehran were selected through the convenience sampling method and investigated in terms of children's anxiety symptoms, coping with children's negative emotions, and emotion regulation. Multiple regression analysis and Bootstrap and Sable tests showed that parents' reaction to children's negative emotions affects children's anxiety by emotion regulation. Parents' reaction also predicted anxiety and emotion regulation, and emotion regulation predicted children's anxiety as well. It seems that just as parents' reaction to children's negative emotions play a role in children's anxiety, so does children's emotion regulation play an important role in their anxiety. It can be expected appropriate emotion regulation in children is as a barrier to parents' inappropriate reaction and anxiety caused by it.

In a quasi-experimental study, a randomly selected sample of 200 university students was given questionnaires: one to measure personal risk-taking behavior, with reliability of 0.76, and the other to assess the characteristic of openness towards feelings, with reliability of 0.71. Then the sample was randomly divided into two subgroups, one of which was subjected to negative emotions. Analysis of the data revealed that those with high negative emotions, as well as those with low openness towards feelings have more risk-taking behaviors. Furthermore, among those with low openness, the more negative are emotions, the higher is the level of risk-taking.

The purpose of this study was the causal model of emotion of shame and guilt on the basis of parenting style: mediating role of attachment styles. The sample consisted of 394 students (205 boys and 189 girls) from second grade high school students in Tehran and their parents selected by multistage cluster sampling. In this study, students completed attachment styles questionnaires, scale of shame and guilt emotions. Their parents also completed the parenting style questionnaire. The analyzes were based on the structural equation model. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the proposed model is grateful for data. The direct paths of authoritarian style, avoidant attachment, and anxiety attachment were positive and significant. The direct paths of authoritative parenting style, safe attachment to negative feelings of sin were positive and significant. The direct path of easy parenting style was negatively related to guilt feelings. Regarding indirect routes, the results showed that the indirect effect of child-rearing on feelings of guilt was negatively affected by the secure attachment. The indirect effect of effective parenting on guilty feelings through safe and positive attachment, the indirect effect of childbirth on feelings of shame through attachment, anxiety and avoidance, positive and significant, and the indirect effect of authoritarian parenting on shameful feelings through anxiety and avoidance attachment Positive and meaningful.

Introduction: Childhood is one of the most sensitive periods of life, providing an opportunity for comprehensive growth and development. Therefore, maintaining physical and mental health during this stage is of great importance. The right to health is one of the key and significant issues in both national and international arenas. Given the sensitive position of children (both physically and mentally), attention to this matter becomes even more critical for this demographic. Considering that the “Treatise on Rights” and “Sahifah Sajjadiyyah” symbolize a complete and comprehensive charter of rights for humanity, the aim of the present research is to examine the right to health for children in these two valuable works. Methodology: This research is qualitative and utilizes content analysis methods. Findings: The findings of the research indicate that the right to health in international documents encompasses various physical, mental, and even spiritual and social dimensions. This right is addressed in the “Sahifah Sajjadiyyah” and the “Treatise on Rights” of Imam Sajjad (AS) with a focus on “the right to health from a religious and ethical perspective and its criteria in all dimensions and aspects of human existence. ” This right is understood alongside various facets of rights, emphasizing that attention to health aspects goes beyond what is stated in international documents. Thus, the right to health from a religious perspective not only establishes and presents laws but also creates an environment and provides guidance in this area.

Customers are always exposed to various stimuli related to brand. Various stim-uli create a spectrum of positive and negative emotions to products in costum-ers. A set of negative emotions like fear, anger, dissatisfaction, anxiety, hatred, shame and embarrassment develop various behavioral attitudes in customers. Complain, defamation and brand change are among behavioral reactions by customers that can lead to the anxiety of brand owners. On the other hand, cog-nitive distortions or conceptual mistakes of customers can also be effective in their negative emotions. This study investigated the effect of these psychological variables on negative emotions of customers and analyzed behavioral attitudes of customers by considering both factors. To this end a sample consisted of 245 consumers and participants interested in automobile brands was used. The col-lected data was clustered regarding cognitive distortions, negative emotions and behavioral attitudes of customers and was investigated through ANOVA. The re-sults showed that individuals with more cognitive distortion (more inappropriate thoughts) have higher means of emotions, sadness, anger, hatred and embar-rassment and also change their favorite brands more. On the other hand, people are worried of and dissatisfied with kinds of local or foreign automobile brands regardless of having conceptual errors. Similarly, defaming and complaining from brands exist among automobile consumers equally regardless of concep-tual errors.

The Transition from the second paradigm of economic to its third paradigm represents an evolution and transformation from industry to the service jobs, in which knowledge, information, communication and emotions play a major role. The recent developments in the sociology have also served to this economic transition; so that, the importance of such professions, especially, to which emotions are central can be understood by the emergence of sociologists such as Hochschild, Turner, Collins, Camper and … . So far, the sociocultural origins of emotions have been paid no attention and they were often studied in the psychological fields. Now, sociology is to compensate for these lacks and its significant works has shown how emotions are constructed by culture in different communities. Hochschild the most prominent theorist in this field claims that, we not only learn to manage our emotions, but also use the different strategies of managements (deep acting and surface acting) for selling our feelings and are paid for doing them. So, emotional labor has an exchange value and is regulated by emotional rules. Therefore, the present paper intends to take a step toward the development of this field of sociology by introducing the emotional management and its key concepts being discussed.

Background: The most common microorganism in blood cultures is Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNSt). Exact diagnosis of bacterial agents in blood and their antibiograms are an important value in septicemia therapy. The purpose of the present study is to identify and determine antibiotic susceptibility of CNSt isolated from blood in children.Materials and methods: Samples were collected from 270 patients with CNSt positive blood cultures during 2 years (2003-2004) in pediatric center of Tabriz by routine microbiological methods. The disc agar diffusion technique (kriby-Bauer) was used to evaluate the susceptibility test of CNSt.Results: In our study mean age of patients was 10 month. 54.4% and 45.6% were male and female repectively. In 270 CNSt, the resistance to Penicillin, Ampicilline, Cephalexin, Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxon and Vancomycin were respectively 98.1%, 95.9%, 62.3%, 55.9%, 53.7% and 2.6%.Conclusion: Antibiotic susceptibility of CNSt is not predictable and multiresistant strains are common. Vancomycin is the drug of choice, since only 2.6% resistant CNSt were noticed.

Background and objective: Recently infections caused by Coagulase Negative Staphylococci have increased and is one of the commonest cause of nosocomial infections.These infections are more common in patient with shunt or catheterization, immune deficiency and neonates. The purpose of present study was to investigate the blood cultures and antibiogram of infections caused by coagulase negative staphylococci in patients admitted in Pediatric Hospital.Material and Methods: During 2 years we studied 270 samples of positive blood culture of coagulase negative staphylococci in patients clinically suspicious of septicemia in Pediatric Hospital laboratory of Tabriz regarding the sepsis and antibiogram.Results: 54.4% of patients were male and 45.6% were female. Mean value for age was 28±10 month (minimum one day old and maximum 10 years old). 213 from 270 samples had real septicemia and 57 (21.1%) were contamination. In 7 cases (2.6%), there was resistance to vancomycin.Conclusion: Special attention to clinical, paraclinical and repeated blood cultures are important in diagnosis of septicemia caused by coagulase negative staphylococci. Vancomycin is drug of choice for coagulase negative staphylococci septicemia.

The Influence of Environment on Child Development: The environment in which a child grows, and nurtures plays a significant role in their physical, mental, and creative well-being. Preschools are recognized as one of the most important aspects of every child's life, and it is essential for them to have a conducive environment that not only provides a space for growth but also instills a sense of security and tranquility. In this regard, the present study aims to examine the physical quality of educational spaces with an emphasis on preschools and analyze the priorities and preferences of children in this area. The research methodology in this study is descriptive-survey, and the population includes 119 children aged 3 to 6 years (both girls and boys) in Gorgan. The Cochran formula was used to estimate the sample size, and the data were prepared for final analysis using SPSS. The results of the Mann-Whitney test indicate that only in the ranking of natural elements, the 3-4 year age group differs significantly from the 5-6 year age group, with the 5-6 year age group having a higher average compared to the 3-4 year age group. Additionally, children at different age levels show significant differences in the richness of activities in indoor and outdoor environments. Based on the results obtained, the importance of creating and improving educational spaces, especially in preschool environments, for the healthy development and future impact of children is clearly evident.