Liver is an important organ with major role in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids metabolism. In addition, secretion and excretion of toxic materials occur in this organ. Exposure to a variety of infectious agents such as parasitic, viral, bacterial or toxic materials may lead to liver damage. Today, one of the best way for investigation and diagnosis of liver damage is measurement of some liver enzyme such as alanine aminotransferase (GPT or ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT or AST). Since, these enzymes exist in other tissues, measurement of other specific enzyme is required. In this study activity of ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT), the second enzyme in urea cycle, in 56 patients with liver problem (cirrhosis and viral hepatitis) was determined. SGPT, SGOT, Alb, Bil, مGT and ALP tests were performed. To assess the health and unhealthy liver in both control and sample groups. Our data shows a correlation between activity of OCT with SGOT (r=0.782, p<0.001) and with SGPT (r=0.857, p<0.001). Since OCT enzyme is specific for liver, further investigation of activity of this enzyme in assessment of other liver problems is required.

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is associated with many pathological changes and liver damage is one of the most important consequences. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and the royal jelly on AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes in the patients with multiple sclerosis. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 42 MS patients were divided into 4 groups: 1-"Exercise +Royal Jelly" (n=10), 2-"Exercise +Placebo" (n=10), 3-"Royal Jelly" (n=11), 4-"Placebo" (n=11). The Exercise started with an ergometer at 60% HRmax for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week then increased steadily in the sixth week to 80% HRmax. The daily dose of the royal jelly was 1000 mg. Plasma concentration of the liver enzymes was measured before and after the study. Results: The levels of AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes were significantly reduced compared to the pre-test in the groups of the "Exercise+Royal Jelly" and "Exercise+Placebo" (P<0. 05). Also, the ALT enzyme showed a significant decrease in the "Royal Jelly" group. The results of the statistical analysis indicated a significant reduction of the enzymes in the "Exercise+Royal Jelly" and the "Exercise + Placebo" groups compared to the "control" and the "Royal Jelly" groups at the end of the sixth week (P<0. 05). Conclusion: It seems that the aerobic exercise and the royal jelly consumption together had the most decreasing effect on serum levels of the liver enzymes in the multiple sclerosis patients, and It has a positive effect on the hepatic enzymes and especially the levels of ALT enzymes in patients.

Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic multi-factorial infectious disease characterized by irreversible destruction of collagen fibers and other matrix constituents of the gingival tissues and periodontal ligament, and resorption of alveolar bone around the teeth with periodontal pocket formation. Host response to periodontal disease includes production of different enzymes that are released by stromal, epithelial or inflammatory cells associated with cell injury and cell death, including aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase. The aim of this study was to compare aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase salivary levels in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis and chronic mild-to-moderate periodontitis and healthy subjects with normal periodontium.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, unstimulated saliva of 25 patients with mild-tomoderate periodontitis, 15 patients with aggressive periodontitis, and 25 subjects with healthy gingiva were collected. The mean aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase salivary levels were measured by RA-ST autoanalyzer system. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test.Results: The mean levels and standard deviations of lactate dehydrogenase salivary enzyme in generalized aggressive periodontitis, chronic mild-to-moderate periodontitis and control groups were 1713±88.4, 1492±65.4, 1108±34.5, respectively, with significant differences between the groups (p value<0.05) The mean levels and standard deviations of aspartate aminotransferase salivary enzyme in generalized aggressive periodontitis, chronic mild-to-moderate periodontitis and control groups were 55.46±5.6, 47.04±3.3 and 32.04±2.3, respectively, with significant differences (p value<0.05).Conclusion: Mean levels of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase salivary enzymes in periodontal patients were higher than those in healthy subjects and these enzymes can be good markers for determining amount of destruction of periodontal tissues.

Background and Objective: Ecstasy [3, 4 Methylendioxy Meth Amphetamine (MDMA)] exerts destructive effects on body organs particularly on the nervous system. The current study was carried out to measure the adverse effects of MDMA on hepatocyte and liver-specific enzymes.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 50 male Wistar rats were randomly divided in equal numbers into 5 groups: control, sham, experimental 1, 2, and 3. Animals in the experimental groups were received, intraperitoneally 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg of MDMA, respectively. The sham group were received normal saline but the control group was not subjected to any injection. Serum samples were collected and levels of three enzymes under study: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. The sections from the liver tissue were prepared counting the hepatocytes. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16 and One-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD tests.Results: Data indicated the levels of all three enzymes had been elevated in the animal groups that received MDMA and that the increase was statistically significant compared to sham and control groups (P<0.05). Also, in experimental groups the number of hepatocyte were reduced in comparison with controls (P<0.05).Conclusion: This study showed that the MDMA significantly increased ALT, AST, ALP and reduced the number of hepatocytes and these effects are dose depended.

Background: Currently, diabetes is one of the most common diseases that has a devastating effect on the body and causes free radicals in the body. One of the most important organs in the body that metabolizes and analyzes hormones and various substances is the liver (the largest gland of the body. Therefore, in order to cope with the damaging effects of diabetes and its effect on some liver enzymes, strong antioxidants have been needed. In this study, we tried to assess the effects of harmaline on albumin and some liver enzymes. Materials and Methods: In this study, 35 male vistar rats with a weight range of 180-200 g were divided into five groups of seven in control group (that received citrate buffer as they became diabetic) and case group (diabetic with intraperitoneal injection of 55 mg/kg streptozotocin), experimental group 1 (diabetic and subcutaneously receiving 10 mg/kg harmaline), experimental group 2 (diabetic and received subcutaneous dose of 15 mg/kg of harmaline), and experimental group 3 (diabetic and received 20 mg/kg of harmaline subcutaneously) and After two months of becoming diabetic, rats received subcutaneous medication of various doses of harmaline for two weeks. Then, anesthesia was achieved in rats with ketamine and zylazine, and blood sampling was conducted directly from the heart. After separating serum to measure glucose and insulin, samples were delivered to the laboratory. Results: In this study, a significant decrease was observed in the amount of albumin in the experimental groups compared with the control group and a significant increase was observed in the amount of aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase enzymes in experimental groups compared with the control group. In experimental diabetic groups, the amount of albumin has also shown no significant changes compared with the other diabetic groups. Conclusion: This study showed that taking harmaline caused a disturbance in the balance of liver enzymes and elevated serum albumin levels in healthy and diabetic rats. has changed the balance of liver enzymes and increased blood albumin in healthy rats, while liver enzymes increased in diabetic groups as dosage increased.

Introduction: During the last decades, physical activity has become a key auxiliary tool in controling many diseases, including premature puberty. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on changes in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty treated with analogs. Materials and Methods: The current research was of applied and semi-experimental type. The samples of this study were 20 girls suffering from precocious puberty who were selected by targeted and available sampling method from BoAli Hospital in Sari cit.y They were randomly divided into two groups of 10 including aerobic exercise group and treatment with GnRH agonist. The levels of AST and ALT enzymes of the research subjects before and after participating in the 12 week aerobic exercise program were measured by ELISA method. The exercise protocol consisted of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise with an intensity of 50-70% of the maximum heart rate and three sessions per week, following the principle of overload, along with GnRH agonist treatment. Results: AST values in the experimental group decreased compared to the pre-test (p<0.001). The result of the research in ALT findings showed that 12 weeks of aerobic training and treatment with GnRH analog in the experimental group decreased ALT values compared to the pre-test (p<0.001). Conclusion: Paying attention to the serious role of sport exercise and increasing physical literacy on improving health and body composition by changing the lifestyle of childhood and adolescence can be considered as a non- pharmacological suggestion.

Aim: Obesity is known as an inflammatory systemic indicator of various diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of progressive resistance exercise on serum levels of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase in obese men. Method: Forty sedentary obese men (BMI = 31. 07 kg. m2) with age range of 30-45 years were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of 20 participants: progressive resistance exercise and control. The exercise protocol, was carried out for 12 weeks, three times a week. (from 15 repetitions in 2 sets with 50% 1RM to 12 repetitions in 3 sets with 80% 1RM). Blood samples were taken after 11-h overnight fast before first training session and 24 hours after the last training session, to determine serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase. Data were analyzed using independent and dependent t-test at a significance level of α =0. 05. Results: : The results showed that 12 weeks of progressive resistance training has significant effect on between group changes of aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0. 003), alkaline phosphatase (p = 0. 014), alanine aminotransferase (p = 0. 040) and the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase (p = 0. 006) in sedentary obese men. Significant between group changes were observed in muscle strength (p = 0. 001) and body fat percentage (p = 0. 038). Progressive resistance training is likely to reduce the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase in the blood of obese obese men by improving body composition, muscle strength, and oxygen consumption. Conclusion: Twelve weeks of progressive resistance training is likely to reduce serum concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase in obese men by improving body composition, muscle strength, and oxygen consumption.

Olive (Olea europeae L.) is a tree that has been used as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent in traditional medicine. In present study, the protective effects of ethanolic extract of olive leaves in rats were evaluated. Wistar rats were orally treated with olive leaves extract (10, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) along with administration of CCl4 (50% CCl4/sunflower oil; 1ml/kg) for 28 days. The results showed that the treatment of olive leaves extract significantly lowered the CCl4-induced serum levels of hepatic enzyme markers AST (aspartate amino transferase) and ALT (alanine amino transferase). Therefore, the results of the study suggest that the extract could protect liver against the CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats, and this hepatoprotective effect might be attributed to its modulation on detoxification enzymes, its antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects.

Background: The most sensitive and widely used liver enzymes for detecting are the aminotransferases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of diving effect of male scuba divers in different depth on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT(.Materials and Methods: 12 members of the Red Crescent and rescue divers recruited voluntarily from Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, with an average age of 28.83±2.63 years, weight 77.5±7.16 kg, and height 175.33±2.88 cm participated in this study. To perform this research project, a pre-test and post-test group with repeated measures was used to test the first day of the depth of 10 m, the second day in a depth of 20 meters and the third day in a depth of 30 meters for 20 minutes by the 40 to 50% heart rate reserve as they sweep diving. Participants at a height of three meters to the water level had safety stop for five minutes. Before and after diving seven cc bloods were taken from all subjects. In order to analysis of data mean and standard deviation were used and inferential statistics analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to evaluate the nor-mal distribution.Results: Increase environment pressure caused by Scuba deep Diving had no significant effect on serum AST (p>0.05). Also, increase environment pressure was significant impact on serum ALT from Scuba Diving (p<0.05); so that, serum ALT in the depths of 20 and 30 meters was significantly reduced compared to the depth of 10 meters. Also diving regardless of pressure (depth) no significant effect on serum ALT (p>0.05).