Fuel–air EXPLOSIVE devices are used to disperse liquid fuels into open atmosphere and create detonation waves in the resultant cloud. To numerically study of flow field inside the cloud, the initial conditions of injection as well as the droplet initial size should be designated. In the present paper the primary break up of liquid fuel dispersed from a FAE device was simulated by using film instability model and a computer code was written to perform the calculations. Experimental results were used to validate the numerical one and the estimated droplet initial mean size was given to a far field simulation code as input data. Then the result of this latter simulation was compared with the related experimental results. With regard to numerical and experimental results, we proposed an interval to estimate the initial size of droplet dispersed from a FAE device. Generally, the results show mean droplet diameter is of centimeter order of magnitude.

Dear Editor, Dengue fever with four related dengue viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, DEN-4) is transmitted to humans by some species of invasive female Aedes mosquitoes, such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and it is rapidly spreading in the world. It seems that the causes of increasing cases and EXPLOSIVE spread of dengue fever are somehow related to the vectors of this disease. These factors include: 1-Global warming due to human activities and creating favorable living conditions and reproduction of Aedes mosquitoes. 2- Numerous seasonal rains that create temporary and suitable larval habitats and breeding places for Aedes mosquitoes. 3- The presence of numerous larval habitats for Aedes mosquitoes; They lay eggs anywhere there is stagnant water: in discarded used tires, in broken containers that hold water and septic tank valve pipes, and even in abandoned cans. 4-Unlike other mosquitoes that only bite once and feed once before laying eggs; Invasive Aedes mosquitoes, especially Ae. aegypti, have repeated bites daily, and multiple and repeated bites cause more transmission of dengue fever virus and its EXPLOSIVE spread. 5- Aedes mosquitoes infected with one of the dengue fever virus serotypes vertically transmit the virus to their next generation; That is, Aedes infected with the virus also lay infected eggs, and from the infected eggs, the infected adult mosquitoes eventually come out, which are infected with the virus from the beginning without having a blood meal from the infected human reservoir, and with their first blood meal, they get fever. They transmit dengue to a susceptible host (human).

The explosion process is a sharp increase in volume and a sudden release of energy, usually accompanied by an increase in temperature and the release of gas. The phenomenon of underwater explosions is different from explosions that occur on the surface of the earth due to the characteristics of water. In the process of EXPLOSIVE forming, the choice of water as an interface due to much higher mechanical impedance of water than air and consequently higher inertia of water, is a more appropriate option. In underwater EXPLOSIVE forming, the wave caused by the explosion is propagated by the water environment in a fraction of a second to the target sample, and after colliding and transferring energy, it causes a very high strain rate in it, which increases and Improves sample deformation. In this study, important parameters in the underwater explosion process such as explosion depth, water depth and water vessel geometry and their impact on underwater EXPLOSIVE forming have been investigated. Also, the purpose of this study is to comprehensively investigate the effective parameters, analytical relationships, background researches and simulations performed in the field of underwater EXPLOSIVE forming.

Background: EXPLOSIVE events refer to events, either natural or man-made, that occur advertently or accidentally. This article aimed to study epidemiology of EXPLOSIVE events and investigate the health consequences of such events. It also aimed to discuss the prevention and management of these events from a healthcare provision viewpoint.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study comprised 2 sections. First, following an extensive review of the literature, a database, containing the related articles was developed. Then, the core research group drafted the first adapted version of the results. Using a Delphi panel methodology, the results were finalized based on the consensus of 11 experts.Results: Terrorist explosion is the most common type and of ever-growing explosions worldwide. It accounts for the largest proportion of casualties caused by man-made events. Health consequences of explosions can be classified into physical, mental, and social ones, which can appear immediately or a long time after the event and affect individuals, families, and societies.Conclusion: Because of the wide range and adverse impacts of explosions, healthcare authorities and staff should have a good grasp of preventive principles, as well as protection and management of explosion sites. Besides they have to be familiar with treating the injured. It is recommended that training courses and simulated EXPLOSIVE events be designed and run by the healthcare sector.

The purpose of this study is to produce scarf joint through EXPLOSIVE welding process (EXW). The scarf weld is a process in which the final bond interface is oblique. With applying the EXPLOSIVE welding technique, this joint can create a metallic bond between similar or dissimilar metals. In this study, chamfered end of aluminum and copper plates were joined EXPLOSIVEly and named scarf joint, employing changes in chamfered angle at different stand-off distance and EXPLOSIVE loading. The geometry of scarf joint enables consideration of both flyer and base plate thickness and EXPLOSIVE loading and the effects on mechanical properties of interface such as bond shear strength and micro-hardness can be investigated. Mathematical models developed for the interface properties of scarf joint to make relationship between the bond shear strength and EXPLOSIVE loading ratio. To check the adequacy of developed models, mechanical properties of interface, such as bond shear strength, predicted and compared with actual values in EXPLOSIVE cladding process. The results show reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. Consequently, mathematical model which is based on scarf joints, can predict bond shear strength of cladding metals under desired EXPLOSIVE loading and flyer plate thickness.

EXPLOSIVE compaction is one of the complementary methods in powder metallurgy process in which the densification and sintering of powder particles is performed in one stage by passing a shock wave through the powder medium. For production of tungsten parts, it is preferred to use this method. In this research, an analytical equation is obtained for choosing the necessary EXPLOSIVE material. To verify the theoretical relationship, several EXPLOSIVE experiments were designed and performed for compaction of tungsten powder and several specimens were obtained. The density and the hardness of these specimens were measured and their fragment surfaces were analyzed, using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results approved the analytical relationship and indicated that a suitable EXPLOSIVE material must be utilized for compaction of tungsten powder.

In this work, the amount of energy delivered to a flat circular metal plate by an underwater explosion of a concentrated charge, placed at some standoff distance from the plate surface, was determined. Then, the strain energy of a conical shell was calculated. Analytical modeling was performed regarding assumptions such as, consistency of plate thickness during deformation, non-work hardening of materials, and linear variation of effective strain. Finally, the required mass of EXPLOSIVEs for forming of the cone was obtained by equating the delivered energy and the strain energy. Some experiments were designed and carried out for comparison with our theoretical results. Our analytical results were also compared with another set of available experimental result. These companions show relatively close agreements.