JOURNAL OF CROP ECOPHYSIOLOGY (AGRICULTURE SCIENCE)
Year:2024 | Volume:18 | Issue:70|Papers Count:8

In wheat cultivation areas of Iran, post anthesis water stress is the main factors that declined grain yield production. Hence, in order to evaluate the effect of post anthesis water stress on formation of grain, physiological changes and gas exchange variables of bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), this study was conduct in research farm of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi university, Kermanshah, Iran at 2013-14 crop year. In experiment was used a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment, main plot was water regimes in two levels (post anthesis water stress and control) and sub plot was 10 bred wheat cultivars (Zare, Parsi, Sivand, Pishtaz, Bahar, Azar2, Bezostaya, Gaspard, Sirvan and Marvdasht). The results showed that, post anthesis water stress significantly decreased grain yield, number of grains per spike, thousand grain weight, hectoliter weight and biomass production (5.46, 10.25, 17.76, 1.1 and 3.29%, respectively) but had no significant effect on no of spike per m2. In post anthesis water stress, Parsi and Bezostaya cultivars had the highest and lowest grain yield production (11110 and 6080 kg.ha-1, respectively). Also, post anthesis water stress significantly decreased photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and water-soluble protein by 16.67, 14.03, 24.94 and 12.10% respectively, but significantly increased leaf surface temperature by 12.58%. Bezostaya and Marvdasht cultivars had the highest and lowest photosynthesis rate, respectively, as well as Gaspard and Bahar cultivars had the highest and Marvdasht cultivar had the least soluble protein content. In general, Sivand and Parsi cultivars were identified as high yielding cultivars and Zare, Marvdasht, Sirvan and Bahar cultivars as low yield cultivars.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and select bread wheat cultivars by assessing the yield, yield components and some physiological traits under drought stress conditions. Six cultivars were evaluated as sub-plots in 2018 to 2020 cropping seasons using a split plot design based on RCBD with three replicates. The Main plot covered the three irrigation regimes including normal irrigation (non-drought stress), terminal drought stress (irrigation up to boot- stage as moderate drought stress) and full drought stress (dryland). The results revealed that a significant reduction of the plant height (3.37 and 6.88%), fertile tillers number (19.39 and 22.72%), seeds number per spike (7.76 and 15.76%), seed weight per spike (6.38 and 7.86) and grain yield (7.66 and 15.29%) were recorded under the moderate drought stress and full drought stress, respectively as compared to non-stress conditions. Also moderate drought stress and full drought significantly increased the proline content (26.45 and 45.71%, respectively) and polyphenol oxidase (13.09 and 20.81%, respectively). Tektaz, Tirgan and Aftab cultivars had the highest water use efficiency and the water use efficiency increased under drought stress conditions. In general, the results showed that the wheat cultivars ‘Taktaz’ showed the highest yield potential followed by the Tirgan in both non-stress and moderate drought stress conditions and in moderate drought stress and full drought stress, Tektaz and Aftab cultivars were superior in terms of investigated traits and with regard to the higher tolerance of the cultivars to drought stress, the use of these cultivars in areas with limited humidity deserves long-term research with more details.

Implementing deficit irrigation techniques to improve irrigation water productivity is considered a scientific solution. This split-plot experiment using the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in a field in Pir Musa village of Khoi County in 2022 to study the effects of growth stimulants on vegetative growth and yield of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under normal and deficit irrigation. The main plots included irrigation at 8-, 11- and 14-day intervals and the subplots application of growth stimulants at five levels (humic acid, amino acid as foliar spray, rooting stimulant, 30% liquid potassium fertilizer, and the control with no growth stimulants). The results showed that irrigation levels had significant effects on red bean vegetative characteristics, seed yield, and protein yield. In addition, application of growth stimulants significantly influenced plant height, number of lateral branches per plant and the height of the first lateral branch, and biological yield and seed yield. The interaction effects of irrigation level and application of growth stimulants on the height of the first branch, biological yield and seed yield were significant at the 1% level. The highest seed yield (3076.1 and 2982.8 kg.ha-1) were achieved at 8-day interval irrigation and humic acid and amino acid application, respectively, and the lowest (1220.9 kg.ha-1 on average) at 14-day irrigation interval and no growth stimulant application. The results suggested that humic acid application improved the vegetative components of red bean under normal irrigation and moderated the effects of deficit irrigation on red bean under deficit irrigation and thus was effective in increasing its quantitative and qualitative yield.

The type and application method of nitrogen fertilizers can be effective in improving soil phosphorus uptake, plant growth and yield. Therefore, a three-factor factorial study was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the spring and summer of 2019 in the research and educational farm of Bu-Ali Sina University. The first factor was the type of nitrogen fertilizer with three levels of urea, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate. The second factor was the method of nitrogen fertilizer application with two levels of banding and broadcasting application and the third factor was phosphate fertilizer in two levels of application and non-application. The results showed that in the absence of phosphorus, banding application of ammonium nitrate increased the maximum leaf area index, 1000-grain weight and water use efficiency by 26.8, 29, and 31.3%, respectively. The maximum crop growth rate was increased by 15% with the application of ammonium sulfate and urea compared to ammonium nitrate. In the absence of phosphorus fertilizer, the banding application of ammonium sulfate increased the number of grain rows per ear, biological yield and grain yield. In this study, the harvest index was only affected by the method of ammonium nitrate application. Two fertilizers of urea and ammonium sulfate increased the phosphorus agronomic efficiency by 35% compared to ammonium nitrate, and, banding application of all three nitrogen fertilizers increased the phosphorus agronomic efficiency by 25%. In general, it is recommended in corn cultivation, to band some nitrogen fertilizers especially ammonium sulfate with phosphorus fertilizer.

In order to investigate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria on dry matter remobilization of new dryland wheat cultivars, field experiment was conducted in a factorial using randomized complete block design with three replications on the farms of Sarablah Agricultural Research Center in the cropping seson during 2019-2020. Experimental treatments include different wheat cultivars (Sardari, Karim, Koohdasht and Rijaw) and treatment of different fertilizer sources including: control (without fertilizer source), 50% N fertilizer, Azospirillum + 50% N fertilizer, Azetobacter + 50% N fertilizer, Azospirillum + Azetobacter + 50% N fertilizer and 100% N fertilizer recommended. The results of this study showed that the effect of cultivar and fertilizer sources were significant on stem and spike dry weight, dry matter remobilization efficiency from stem and spike, contribution of stem and spike reserves to grain yield, current photosynthesis rate, contribution of current photosynthesis, grain filling period and grain filling rate. The interaction of Rijaw × Azospirillum+ Azetobacter+ 50% N fertilizer had the highest dry matter remobilization efficiency from spike, Contribution of spike reserves to grain yield, current photosynthesis rate, contribution of current photosynthesis and grain filling rate. In this study, the highest dry matter remobilization efficiency from stem, contribution of stem reserves to grain yield was obtained from the interaction between Sardari cultivar × control treatments (without fertilizer source).

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of nitrogen and boron on yield and quality of sugar beet (Pirola cultivar) in Khoy and Naghadeh regions as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Nitrogen factor at four levels as N1(%50 at planting and %50 at 6-8 leaf stage), N2 (%50 at planting and %50 at 8-12 leaf stage), N3 (1.5 times N1) and N4 (1.5 times N2) in main plots and boron in four levels B1 (non-usage), B2 (soil usage), B3 (as foliar application in two stages of 6-8 leaves and 8-12 leaves) and B4 (foliar application in two stages 8-12 and 16-20 leaves) as the subplot. The interaction effect of (place*nitrogen) on all traites with out leaf nitrogen content, (place*boron) on leaf boron content, sugar percent, and (place*nitrogen*boron) on leaf boron content, root yield and white sugar content were significant. The results of comparison of mean showed that the highest boron efficiency in increasing root yield observed in N4B4. In both places, root yield gradually increased along with increasing of consumed nitrogen. The maximum root yield (9838 g/m2) in N4 was in Naqadeh which had an increase of 38% compared to the same treatment in Khoy. In both places, regardless of the boron content, with a gradual increase of nitrogen from N1 to N4 sugar percentage decreased. In both places, the efficiency of the treatments in increasing the percentage of sugar belonged to B4 at the lowest nitrogen level (N1), which in all four nitrogen levels was equal to B2 (boron soil consumption). In all four levels of nitrogen, the yield of pure sugar increased with increasing boron consumption. The yield of pure sugar in Naqdeh at all four levels of nitrogen was higher than that of Khoy. It seems that in Naqdeh, due to the high root yield compared to Khoy, pure sugar yield is also higher.Thus, the result of this research, tearment if N1B4 in situation of this research recommended.

Garlic is the second balbous product after onions, which is considered by consumers due to its medicinal compounds. This product has different functions with adaptation in different climates. Existence of high bio-flexibility in this plant has caused the planting of this plant in most temperate and cool regions in Iran. In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing soil microorganisms with sulphur fertilizer and pure Bacillus subtilis on morphophysiological and yield components of garlic (Allium sativum L.), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in agriculture research and education center of Mashhad in 2020. Experimental treatments include bio fertilizers i) Nitroxin (Azotobacter sp., Azospirillum Azospirillum sp., Entrobacter Cloacea), ii) Biophosphate (PSB) (containing phosphate-solubilizing bacteria of the genus Bacillus and Pseudomonas), iii) Bacillus subtilis, iv) sulphur fertilizer and control. The results showed that garlic did not show a positive response to the use of Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The highest fresh weight of the stem (50.6 g) was obtained from the treatment containing Pseudomonas bacteria. The highest fresh weight and dry weight of leaves were significant under the influence of nitroxin fertilizers with 39.1 and 6.37 g.plant-1, respectively. Fertilizers containing Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Entrobacter Cloacea also had a 34% increase in garlic weight per plant compared to the control. Application of biofertilizer containing phosphate-solubilizing bacteria had the highest number of garlic, garlic weight per plant and garlic yield (11760 kg.ha-1). The highest amount of photosynthesis (17.9 μCO2mol.m-2.s-1), stomatal conductance (0.251 mmolH2Om-2.s-1) and Ci (246 μmol CO2 m-2.s-1) were obtain from Phosphate solubilizing bacteria. In general, the results showed that both phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria improved the morphophysiological and yield traits of garlic, but the greatest effect was obtained from Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria.

Bio-phosphate biofertilizer by releasing phosphorus from insoluble sources of the soil could be reduces the rate of chemical phosphorus fertilizers application in plant production. Rapeseed, as one of the most important oil seeds, needs sufficient rate of phosphorus fertilizer for optimal yield. The responses of its different cultivars to the application of chemical phosphouros fertilizers as well as Bio-phosphate biofertilizer are not same. To this end, a field experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were inclouding: Inoculation of rapeseed seeds with Bio- phosphate biofertilizer and non-inoculation, three rate of triple superphosphate (TSP) application: zero, 25 and 50 kg.ha-1 and, six rapeseed cultivars (cv.) namly Nima, Neptune, Diffusion, Natali, Ocapi and, Gabriella. The results showed that the interactions effect of Bio-P×TSP was significant and averagly 8% increase the number of pods per plant. The triple interactions of Rapseed cv.×Bio-P×TSP were significant on number of seeds per pod and grain yield. In respect to the controls treatments, maximum grain yield was abserewed in the Ocapi cv. in the rate of 25 and 50 kg.ha-1 TSP application in the both non-inoculation and inoculation of biofertilizer and increased 85%, 85%, 102% and 86%, respectively, as well as Nima cv. With increasing 96%, 106%, 47% and 47%, but in Natali cv. maximum grain yield was observed with 98% increasing in the rate of 25 kg.ha-1 TSP application and Bio-phosphate inoculated condition. Therefore, the effective use of biofertilizer for phosphorus supply is dependent on the rapeseed cultivars. Among the studied cultivars, Gabriella and Natali cultivars will have less need for the use of TSP fertilizer in the case of Bio-phosphate inoculation.