Comparative Literature Research
Year:2023 | Volume:11 | Issue:1|Papers Count:6

According to the “Theory of Abjection”, the subject, upon entering the domain of the symbolic order, considers what he recognizes as alien and dangerous object for the borders of his subjectivity as “abjection” and tries to reject it. Julia Kristeva considers the literary text as a superior sign of abjection, a place where the author displays the contamination of people's souls and whatever causes these contamination, so that people can achieve exaltation and purification by using words and phrases and creating a suitable atmosphere. The present study, with descriptive analytical method, investigates and compares abjection in two works of The Beauty Queen of Leenane and Prince Ehtjab from two different countries in order to investigate the root of traumas and abjections of the Prince and Maureen’s soul through symbolic order. These two characters are looking for their innocence and removing the abjections from their lives, and they imagine that they are trying to join the pure order. In this regard, they use various methods such as denying the mother-child relationship, denying the mother as an abjection, trying to defend the privacy of subjectivity, struggling to remove the abjection and using unpleasant words. But in the end, their efforts are useless and they themselves have somehow become abjected, their hands are bloodstained and they drown into nothingness.

This article examines the connection of national literature with the concept of world literature. From Goethe's point of view, national literature is the opposite of the literature that he calls "world literature". But are national literatures in general and other literatures "against", "opposite", or "contrary" to the view of "world literature" or "next to" and “complementary" to world literature? It is obvious that world literature owes its life, maturity and development to national literature, if a work does not first enter the domain of national literature of a country, it is less likely that it can become the domain of world literary works. Of course, there is no direct connection between national literature and world literature, that is, there is no requirement that the work must be national in order to be included in the cycle of world literature. However, being national means achieving the necessary indicators and qualities at the national level, may provide the ground for the national effect to enter the national and international level. In fact, the richness of world literature may depend on the richness of national literature and vice versa. However, if there is no mention of national literature, there will be less news about world literature. This article tries to examine the relationship between national and world literature from a theoretical perspective.

As an effective instrument in functional linguistics for examining the factors affecting the inference of meanings, situational context probes the relationship of words and sentences to instances outside the language system. The study of this context leads to an understanding of the meanings of literary techniques, including epithets. epithets are the artistic use of adjectives in the speech that has different meanings in the context of literary speech. With a descriptive-analytical method and the American school of comparative literature, the study seeks to analyze the semantics of epithets in the poetry of Hafez Mousavi (1954), the contemporary Iranian poet, and Wadī‛ Sa‛ādah (1948), according to Halliday’s Functional Linguistics. The results showed that the meanings of the epithets in two poets’ poetry could be divided into two categories-- dark and light. The frequency of dark epithets was higher than light ones due to the depiction of social issues. However, there is often a glimmer of hope throughout their poetry. Narrativity and appropriate verbs are the most prominent features of the stylistic epithets in the two poets’ poetry. The poets’ choices as the prominent participants in the clauses caused their direct presence in the poetry space. The Notification mood is frequent in the clauses, inducing the concept of probability and commonality in the form of the dependency aspect element because the two poets choose epithets as an arena to express their biographies and societies.

Computer games, due to being new and overlapping with cinema and literature, exhibit two different aspects of themselves that deserve comparative studies. In this paper, elements of modern art and the history of modern literature are studied in the formation of video games, and then similar ones are analyzed and adapted in James Joyce's novel Ulysses and Hidetaka Miyazaki Dark Souls Games. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of modern art characteristics on modern literature and video games and also to express the change in the nature of their common elements. The sub-purpose of the research is to compare these games with other titles in the media of computer games and to answer the question: How can games, and new media in general, form a classic and modern identity at their core? And where is the place of the studied games in this arena? The research method is analytical and adaptive. The research findings show that the novel Ulysses by "James Joyce" and the games of the "Dark Souls" series by Hidetaka Miyazaki in the elements of "rejection of the novel's narrative method", "rejection of the traditional hero", "rejection of incident", "new linguistic experiences", "Freedom from time and freedom of time", "giving importance to the association of meanings", "not giving importance to conventions", "tendency to illusion and fantasy", "participating the reader in the novel", "proposing the issue of truth" and "discussion of opinions" and philosophies" are similar and compatible

رمان آینه های دردار اثر هوشنگ گلشیری یکی از آثار ادبیات معاصر فارسی است که عناصر فرهنگی بسیاری در خود جای دارد. این رمان در سال 2004 م به قلم سلیم عبدالأمیر حمدان با نام «مرایا الذات» به عربی ترجمه شد. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی انتقال عناصر فرهنگی این رمان از فارسی به عربی بر پایه الگوی ولادیمیر ایویر (1987) و راهبردهای ترجمه این گونه واژه ها و عبارتها و نیز بررسی میزان بسامد هر یک از راهبردها و میزان موفقیت مترجم است. روش پژوهش، توصیفی-تحلیلی است، برای این کار از طبقه­بندی پنج­گانۀ نیومارک (1988) و نیز نمونه کار هاشمی و غضنفری مقدم (1393) در تکمیل طبقه­بندی آن بهره بردیم. یافته های پژوهش بیانگر آن است که در این رمان، مؤلفه اصطلاحات با 95 مورد، پربسامدترین و مؤلفه های لعن و نفرین، دشنام و ناسزا با هیچ مورد کم بسامدترین است. نیز نتایج آماری راهکارهای ترجمه عناصر فرهنگی این رمان نشان می­دهد که جایگزینی با بسامد 50 و 57% و وام گیری با 20 و % 23 بیشترین راهکار به کاررفته مترجم است و این نشان از آن دارد که حمدان از روش تلفیقی وام گیری به همراه تعریف بهره نبرده و عبارتها را برای خواننده در درون متن یا پاورقی تعریف نکرده است، ولی نکته مثبت ترجمه او کاربرد اندک ترجمه تحت اللفظی و حذف و به کارنبردن مؤلفه افزوده سازی است.

The growing trend of expansionism and colonialism policy in the 19th century and the domination over the destiny of Eastern and African nations in order to secure the economic interests of Western companies, led to the emergence of imperialist domination systems in the 20th century and the expansion of the scope of colonialism and looting of other lands outside the borders of the Western hegemonic states. At the top of the pyramid of such a process, there were capitalist systems that depended on the colonization of the unknown and unconquered lands of Africa and the Middle East for the survival of economic life and, as a result, the continuation of their political domination. They started occupying these lands with the use of military force, and directly or through agents and local governments, controlling the local residents and securing their financial interests in the protected and occupied areas. The extent of imperialism's influence in other countries, rather than being limited to physical-military domination, was dependent on a wide political propaganda system that, by promoting the necessity of spreading democracy in the world, tried to homogenize culture and merge in native cultures into Western culture and draw a geographical-political map in which the Middle East and most of the oil-rich and wealthy regions are placed under the umbrella of the capitalist system, barriering the influence of the socialist-Marxist ideology.