Year:2009 | Volume:- | Issue:39|Papers Count:12

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between Q-angle and knee ligament and meniscus injury in elite wrestlers. The present study was descriptive – correlation and the method was the two-variable linear regression. Sample of this study included all national freestyle wrestlers with more than seven years of athletic experience; they suffered from knee ligament and meniscus injuries as well. Seventy five injured freestyle wrestlers were participated in this study (mean age: 26.7±2.3 , mean weight: 71.8±4.6, mean height: 179.2±3.3) and they suffered from knee injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament injuries (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament injuries (PCL), ligament collateral ligament injuries (LCL), medial collateral ligament injuries (MCL), medial meniscus (MM), and lateral meniscus (LM). The Q-angle was measured by the universal goniometer (0.1 accuracy). Genu varum and genu valgum were measured by collice (1.1 accuracy). According to the results, malignment lower extremity (i.e. a decrease or an increase in Q-angle which shows genu varum and genu valgum in freestyle wrestlers) was an important factor for knee ligament and meniscus injury. Descriptive results reported the frequency percentage of maligment lower extremity as 46%, genu varum as 19%, and frequency percentage of ACL as 38%, MCL as 36%, PCL as 19%, LCL as 17%, MM as 65.07% and LM as 33.92%. Also, the results showed a meaningful relationship between maligment lower extremity (a decrease or an increase in Q-angle) and knee ligaments injuries. But results of data analysis did not show a meaningful relationship between MM and LM injuries when Q-angle changed.

The aim of this study was to compare serum 17b-estradiol (breast cancer biomarker) levels and its relationship with some breast cancer risk factors in athlete and non-athlete postmenopausal women. 19 postmenopausal body building athletes aged 53.57±7.87 years and 21 postmenopausal non-athletes aged 56.61±5.17 years in Urmia province participated in this study. 17b-estradiol concentrations were measured by electrochemiluminescence. All participants completed a questionnaire which included details of age, menarche age, menopause age, pregnant age, null parity, family history, alcohol consumption and smoking. Body fat percentage and body mass were measured by body logic/body fat and lyzer (Omron Model). Variables were compared by independent t test and the relationship among variables by Pierson correlation coefficient. Athlete women had lower serum estradiol concentration, BMI and ratio of waist to hip than non-athlete women. But this difference was not significant (P<0.05) and only body fat percentage significantly differed (P=0.044). There was no relationship among weight, age, body fat percentage, ratio of waist to hip, BMI and serum concentration of estradiol in subjects. Senescence, early menses, late onset of menopause, pregnancy, alcohol consumption and smoking risk factors were lower in athlete women than non-athlete women. This study showed that although low body fat percentage and estradiol exposure, late menarche and early menopause in athlete women can indicate low breast cancer risk, an insignificant difference in serum estradiol between athlete and non-athlete women can be the result of athlete women's irregular intensity and duration of exercises.

The purpose of the present research was to study the organizational culture of Physical Education Organization of Islamic Republic of Iran and comparing it with world averages. Denison’s (2006) questionnaire was used after translation, its validity and reliability (a = 94.6) were determined and was distributed among target population (all staffs, experts and managers of Physical Education Organization). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The organizational culture profile of Physical Education Organization based on Denison’s model and its interpretation showed that this organization is located in a mediate domain in all dimensions and indexes of organizational culture. Also, there was a significant difference between 10 indexes out of 12 organizational cultural indexes of Physical Education Organization and the averages of the organizations located in different parts of the world (a = 0.01, P=0.00). No significant difference was found between organization learning (a = 0.01, P=0.097) and vision (a = 0.01, P=0.084). Eventually, the findings highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the Physical Education Organization and as a result, assist managers to systematically assess their change initiatives and develop a more ideal strategy to successfully implement management techniques and processes.

The purpose of the present study was to survey the dual task effect on stability and EMG of the muscles. Forty non-athlete students were randomly selected and assigned to equal groups (ten individuals each group): 1.The groups (motor – stability), 2.The groups (cognitive – stability), 3. Discrete task (cognitive-stability), 4.Control group. Before beginning the exercises, the groups were classified based on stability index. The first group performed stability exercises and kicking rocket simultaneously. Second group performed stability exercises and strop effect as well, but the third group performed just stability exercises. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (one- way ANOVA) and dependent and independent tests. The results showed that both dual tasks created a significant difference in stability. Dual motor stability task was better than dual cognitive–stability tasks. No group had a significant effect on EMG. After the exercise period, kicking rocket also created more interference in stability and EMG. Results in improving stability, but none of the groups had any significant effect on EMG. The findings of the present research support limited attention resources theory especially the multi-resources attention theory. The findings also showed that the flexibility of attention capacity is related to the demands of the task. We concluded that the suitable motor task can be effective when task demand or autonomy decreases.

The risk of injury in soccer is considerable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of soccer players’ positional role in Iranian premier league on sport injury rates. Videotapes of 125 out of 240 matches of Iranian soccer premier league during 1385-1386 seasons were selected and analyzed by video analysis system and injury information and positional roles of injured players were recorded. 306 injuries occurred in these 125 matches. Midfielders were the most frequently injured players (P<0.05); other positional roles were injured less frequently. Strikers (88.1) and midfielders (72.65) were more prone to injuries in the offensive phase, whereas defenders (86.15) and goalkeepers (91.8) were more susceptible when defending. Most injury mechanisms were classified as being contact (86.1%). The results showed that the most frequent injuries, mechanism of injury and anatomical location of an injury were different in different positions. This information helps players, coaches and physicians plan preventive and treatment programs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between moral atmosphere of team and sport aggressive tendencies in young basketball players. For this purpose, 123 athletes (65 males and 58 females aged between 13 and 19) of first and second groups of Tehran clubs were randomly selected as subjects. They completed a three–section questionnaire in their rest time. The questionnaire comprised demographic, JAMBYSQ (Judgment about Moral Behavior in Youth Sports Questionnaire: information about how strong the team norms are and how probable athletes’ self-described aggression is) and TNQ (Team Norm Questionnaire: information about teammate and coach norms for violation of a rule and for aggression). Validity and reliability of both TNQ and JAMBYSQ were assessed: both were valid and reliable. Results indicated that athletes’ perception of their team previous aggressive norms emerged as a primary predictor of their probable self-described aggression (regardless of gender). Coach norms for violation of a rule and aggression were a predictor for female players’ aggressive tendencies, but it was not a significant predictor for male players. The findings shed light on the influence that teammates and coaches exert on shaping the moral atmosphere in sport teams. Based on the results obtained, it seems that the structural developmental moral theory and social learning theory are the best models to explain aggressive behavior in social and team contexts.

This study tried to determine the effect of 13 weeks of incremental endurance training on anemia. 15 professional female athletes with average exercise record (3-5 years), age (17.1± 3.2), height (163±5.4), weight (50±3.3) and BMI (20.2±1.2) performed a protocol of endurance training four times a week, each time 90 minutes with an intensity of 65-90% of maximal heart rate for 13 weeks. Variables included hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, hematocrit and total iron binding capacity. The participants' blood samples were gathered at rest 48 hours before the first training session and 48 hours after the training session. The data were analyzed by dependent t-test and the results showed that endurance running training had no significant effect on athletic anemia and no significant difference was observed between pre and post laboratory tests in blood index (P>0.05).

The purpose of this research was to design and codify a developmental strategy for public sport in Sistan and Baluchestan. The statistical sample was 30 (70% men and 30% women) physical education professors of higher education institutes of the province, Physical Education academic board managers of Sciences, Research and Technology Ministry of the province, Physical Education managers and experts of the province as well as the managers of governmental and private departments of the province playing a role in public sport activities. To collect the data, a questionnaire was designed, its validity was confirmed by several professional professors and its reliability was verified according to Cronbach’s alpha method (92%). The questionnaire included 43 ranked questions about surveying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Sistan and Baluchestan public sport. Descriptive statistics, average comparison test and Friedman test were used to analyze the data. Research findings showed that out of 2.5 million populations in Sistan and Baluchestan, below 0.007% participated in public sport. If the specific geographical location of the province, unemployment rate, smuggling of fuel and narcotics as well as an outbreak of different sorts of diseases due to inactivity are taken into consideration, we can submit practical solutions (through the codification of a developmental strategy for public sport and based on the data analysis) to directors of Physical Education Organization of the province so that they can program and organize a suitable ground to improve the culture of public sports and amateur sports in the province, increase the participation and active cooperation of other organizations and departments, realize the goals of public sport and employ national and native capacities along with the growth and development of public sports and native sports of the province.

The purpose of this study was to compare sport orientation of athletes participating in 8th Student Sport Olympiad of all universities in 1385. The present study was descriptive and correlational. 523 subjects (257 females and 266 males) were selected by systematic sampling. All subjects filled out Gill sport orientation questionnaire in order to be prepared to participate in this competition. Finally, data were analyzed by MANOVA. The results showed that male athletes were more competitive and had more tendencies towards wining than female athletes. Female athletes were more goal-oriented than male athletes (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in sport competitiveness, tendency towards winning and goal-orientation between team and individual sports (P>0.05). There was a significant interaction effect of sex and sport field on sport orientation.

In the past three decades, performance-enhancing drugs have been increasingly taken by athletes. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of doping and type of doping substances in World Sports in 2004-2005. Information about the number of tests and positive tests in different sports were gained via World Anti-Doping Agency and International Olympic Committee websites and analyzed by descriptive statistics. The results showed that the number of tests in 2005 (183337 cases) increased about 8.4% when compared to 2004 (1691187 cases). Also, the percentage of positive tests in 2005 (3909 cases) increased 34.4% when compared to 2004 (2909 cases). In two years, 6818 positive tests were reported. Most positive tests were observed in cycling in two years (1089 cases). Most doping substances in two years were anabolic steroids (3055 cases), cannabinoids (1021 cases) and beta-2 agonist (990 cases). Totally, the results showed that use of doping substance in World Sports is high and unfortunately is increasing every year. Investigations have shown that high effect of this substance, distribution of this substance and athletes' low levels of knowledge regarding this substance are the main reasons of doping.

The purpose of this study was to consider the effect of a 6-week camp preparation on a few pro-inflammatory acute phase proteins (complement C3, C4) in young professional karate ka. For this purpose, 10 professional karate athletes (mean+SD weight 68±5 kg; age 20.8±2 years; height 175±4 cm and body fat 7.6±2%) were invited to the camp. Blood samples were gathered 24 hours before the camp began (Time 1), at the end of the third week (T2) and the end of the sixth week (T3). Data were analyzed by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a Tukey post hoc test. Results showed that C3 concentration was located within the normal domain at the three stages. C3 concentration decreased during the first 3 weeks (2.56%) and returned to the normal domain during the second 3 weeks (T3), however, the variations were non-significant (P=0.712). Before the camp began, C4 concentration was within the normal domain, significantly increased after 3 weeks of camp attending (18%) and at the end of the camp, it returned to the normal domain (P=0.02). Finally, the results of this study suggested that 6 weeks of camp preparation changes the parameters of complement system (C3, C4). The results seem to be questionable in relation to the type and intensity of karate training in the camp, so further studies are necessary to discover more facts about them.

This research distinguished the factors to be studied in marketing and studied their application to develop public sports and championship sports as sport marketing approaches in the framework of four factors: advertisement, sponsors, mass media and sport tourism. The aim of this study was to promote and develop sport fields in Iran. The sample of included 40 individuals selected from the sport directors and authorities of Iran National Olympic Committee and Physical Education Organization (N=n). As this was a survey research, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed based on Likert five-rank scale and after the validity and reliability were confirmed, it was distributed among subjects. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software, Chi-square and V-Crammer. The results showed a significant relationship between the type of advertisement, sponsorship, support of mass media, and promotion and development of sport fields in public sports and championship levels, while there was no significant relationship between the use of sport tourism, and promotion and development of sport fields in Iran in all three cases used in this research.