AYENEH-YE-PAZHOOHESH
Year:2024 | Volume:34 | Issue:6 (پیاپی 204)|Papers Count:20

The number of surviving six-line Kufic Qur'ans from the early Islamic centuries is not very high. One of these six-line Kufic Qur'an manuscripts, possibly transcribed in the late second century of the Islamic era, is a work with a few scattered pages currently preserved in Iran and in some libraries and museums around the world, but all have been transferred from Iran to other places. This article identifies and gathers images of the remaining pages of this ancient Kufic Qur'an, examining and introducing this work in detail from a textual and manuscript perspective. The author believes that this manuscript can be considered among the oldest Kufic writing efforts in Iran or Iraq, influenced by the culture of Qur'anic writing and bookbinding in Iran.

Abbas Ali Pasban Razavi is among the cultural and book publishing figures in the city of Mashhad. By establishing the "Bastan Bookstore," which remains under the same name to this day, he has provided significant services to the cultural community in this city and Iran through book sales and publications. In this article, the author, while taking a partial look at the bookstores in Mashhad during the Qajar period and the beginning of the first Pahlavi era, examines Pasban's activities, including the establishment of Pasban Bookstore, the Book Publishing Institute, and the publication of "Bastan."

In the fifth issue of "Writings," we first delve into ancient Persian writings from the far East and present a an ancient leaf recovered from this region. In another section, a discussion is provided on the transformation of the final -a (< -ag < -aka-) of words to -e, along with examples that may be the oldest evidence of this conversion.

The term "Jung" encompasses a collection containing letters, notes, poems, and excerpts of historical and religious points that a person with artistic skills has compiled over the years. Some of them have literary or historical significance, while others may have a religious aspect. "Jung-e Mohammad Hadi Mazandarani" - the descendant of the first Majlisi - is one of the many Jungs that have survived from the Safavid era. In this work, notes from various scholars are recorded, with some of them being the annotations of Mazandarani himself. After him, others have also added materials to this Jung. Like other Jungs of this period, this Jung plays an important role in identifying the cultural and literary aspects of Isfahan city and its surrounding regions.

The content presented in this writing includes nine ghazals found from Khusrawi Hiravi, a poet of the 9th century AH. According to Amir Ali Shir Navai, Khusrawi's poetry collection existed among the people in the 9th century, but today we do not have a copy of his collection and have not found any reference to it in the indexes. Although these ghazals may not have a very high literary value, they serve as a remembrance of a forgotten poet. The source of these poems is an ancient manuscript belonging to the Fāḍil Ahmad Library in Turkey and the "Tuḥfat al-Ḥabīb" by Fakhri Hiravi. What has been mentioned in the biographical notes about him is only the opening verse of one of his ghazals.

The entry "Lur" in the Encyclopedia Iranica is an important reference in recent studies and research on the Lak people. However, despite the careful consideration of the authors and editors of the Encyclopedia Iranica, this entry contains errors and inaccuracies that need to be noted and corrected when referenced. In this current translation, efforts have been made to correct these points to the best of our abilities and provide a refined and polished translation of this entry for the benefit of future researchers and scholars.

This study aims to demonstrate that some Shia Imami jurists, contrary to the traditional view in Islamic jurisprudence, have considered changes and alterations in the human body permissible, subject to ethical, environmental, and health boundaries. This contemporary perspective is the result of an interpretive mystical-Shia understanding of certain Quranic verses related to the creation of humans, bearing the divine trust, and nature. As a result, it possesses the following characteristics: utilization of God's delegatory power in this world, the ability to discover the mysteries of existence and understand the realities of the world, self-awareness in relation to God and ethical values. This mystical-Shia anthropology has inspired certain legal theories as follows: 1. Humans have the legitimacy to change the prevailing system on Earth and therefore human simulation is permissible; 2. Human gender is within his authority and discretion and can be altered; 3. Alterations in the patterns of physical creation, such as those involved in technologies aiding in laboratory fertility, artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and similar practices, are permissible; 4. Opposition to imposing any restrictions on thought and knowledge, even in the form of monopolizing intellectual property rights in technology and biological sciences.

The term "Qalb" refers to the deliberate inversion of a portion of the Isnād or content of a hadith in various forms, which has been a significant focus of scholars in the field of hadith criticism. Hadiths mixed with inversion are not reliable for citation, as intentional inversion of a hadith can lead to the weakening of the narrator and is known as one of the reasons for abandoning such narrations. One of the challenges of inverted hadiths is the issue of exceptions, as using inverted hadiths serves as a method for testing the reliability of narrators and jurists. This article critically examines and evaluates this important aspect in the history of Muslim hadiths.

Quṭb al-Dīn Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥasan Muqriʾ Nīshābūrī was one of the prominent Imāmī theologians in the 6th century AH, and one of the followers of Sharīf Murtaḍā’s theological school (d: 436 A.H.) known as “the later Imāmī school of Baghdad”. Among his theological works are two valuable writings entitled al-Ḥudūd and al-Taʿlīlq, each of which is highly significant in various aspects. al-Ḥudūd is a theological glossary in which Nīshābūrī defines and explains the common theological terms found in the Muʿtazilite theological texts based on the teachings of the Baḥshamī Muʿtazilite school. In this article, having discussed some general primary notes on glossaries and their role in helping readers understand the expressions and statements of authors in various Islamic sciences, the life and theological works of Muqriʾ Nīshābūrī are examined. Additionally, the structure and content of the book al-Ḥudūd are discussed, and its unique edition is evaluated and criticized. This evaluation reveals that the edition of al-Ḥudūd contains significant mistakes, errors and omissions, emphasizing the necessity of providing a new revised, critical edition of the work.

Anvarī is among the poets whose poems were well received both in his own time and throughout the ages, holding a prominent position in Persian literature. The Authors of Jungs, (Literary Collections) like other literary figures, paid special attention to Anvarī and his poems. Therefore, one of the important sources for accessing Anvarī’s poems and their accurate recordings is the literary collections called Jungs and Safinah. In this article, we have attempted to examine Anvarī’s poems found in the famous manuscript known as "Jung of Yaḥyā Tawfīq " preserved in the library of Tawfīq Yaḥyā in Turkey - according to the colophon, dated 754 AH. For this purpose, firstly, we introduced his newly discovered poems, which were not included in Anvarī’s divan edited by the late Mudaris Rezavi and also the late Nafisi. Secondly, we have quoted poems that are only found in the divan of the late Nafisi. Finally, we have mentioned some points regarding other verses of the Jung and previous corrections of these verses.

One of the most valuable classical Persian prose texts, both historically and literarily, is the world history book "Tārīkh-e Jahān-Gushā" by ‘Aṭā-Malik Juveinī. So far, only scholars such as Ahmad Khatami, Shahrokh Mousavian, Habibollah Abbasi, and Iraj Mehreki have written three complete explanations on the first volume of this work, attempting to unravel the semantic ambiguities and complexities in its text. However, upon careful reading of the contents of this book, we observe that some expressions have not been properly explained and interpreted as deserved and necessary, and some of the respected commentators' opinions are incompatible with the text's structure. Furthermore, as one of the prose texts taught in the field of Persian language and literature in postgraduate studies is the book "Tārīkh-e Jahān-Gushāy-e Juveinī," efforts have been made to reinterpret and clarify the correct meaning of the expressions in this book, relying on both textual and non-textual evidence and other relevant sources. Therefore, in this article, the writer's efforts and findings for the enlightenment of students and enthusiasts of Persian literary texts have been presented.

Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Bābiwayh Qumī (d. 381) was a prominent Shia scholar in the fourth century of the Islamic calendar. One of the important works left by Sadūq is the book "Aqā'id," in which he elaborates on the most important beliefs of Shia Islam in its forty-five chapters, proving them with Quranic verses and Prophetic traditions. The present research examines the position of Sheikh Sadūq and his book "Aqā'id" in the Safavid period. The main question of the research is to what extent the importance criteria of Sheikh Sadūq’s book "Aqā'id" in the Safavid era, compared to other Shia doctrinal treatises, have utilized the capacities for promotional activities in this period and how influential it has been. This research, utilizing a descriptive-analytical method based on sources and references of this period, aims to answer the above question. The findings of the research indicate that in the Safavid period, the existing capacities of society, such as the cultural-religious policies of Shah Tahmasb, religious and educational institutions, and texts and teachings, were utilized to stabilize, institutionalize, and expand Shia Islam in Iranian society, leading to the translation of several original Arabic Shia works into Persian.

The Book Offer is a new section in the "Ayeneh Pazhouhesh" Journal, dedicated to introducing new books in the fields of Islamic studies, religious studies, history, culture, and art in Muslim societies. Our priority is to introduce books that have not been translated into Persian and have been published by reputable university publishers. Two books introduced in this issue are: Pre-Islamic Arabia: Societies Politics Cults and Identities during Late Antiquity Religion, Orientalism and Modernity: Mahdi Movements of Iran and South Asia

This paper takes a fresh look at the Qur'an translation by Mr. Mohammad Ali Kousha and also briefly examines two defenses of it. The defenses are initially reviewed in general, followed by an examination of ten pages of Mr. Kousha's Qur'an translation, confirming and reiterating the results of the initial article that his translation requires serious reconsideration and fundamental revision both in form and content. Numerous shortcomings such as methodological errors, incorrect citation of hadith, inaccuracies in translation, imprecision in footnotes, failure to utilize the intricacies and capabilities of the Persian language, inconsistency in translating similar phrases, fluctuation in translation language between standard prose and literary prose, excessive adherence to the text resulting in a translation with the taste and scent of translation, and ultimately, failure to mention meanings and other grammatical aspects of words and phrases in necessary cases, are among the issues discussed in detail in this article.

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