Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage
Year:2020 | Volume:13 | Issue:6 |Papers Count:30

Subsurface drip irrigation is the most suitable irrigation method to provide the water requirements for plants in the root environment. The management of this irrigation method is based on the science of water distribution in wet soil volumes. Simulation models can be used in obtaining this valuable knowledge. In this study, was evaluated simulation the distribution of soil moisture in the plant root zone under subsurface drip irrigation using the HYDRUS-2D model and based on a field research in a pistachio garden, in Sorkhe, Safaeieh, Semnan province, during two years of cultivation 2012-2013. The treatments were three irrigation regimes; control (I1), Irrigation based on irrigation requirement (I2) and I2 plus leaching requirement (I3), three soil depth of 25, 50, and 75 cm from soil surface at before and after irrigation event. The results of this study showed that in the root zone of the plant, the percentage of moisture content measured and estimated were relatively close, and showed that the HYDRUS-2D is able to simulate the soil moisture content in the root zone of the pistachio plant, and has this ability that it estimates conditions the soil moisture with highly accurate, during irrigation under different irrigation regimes at different depths of the soil. Model estimation process in the horizontal and vertical distribution of moisture, it was more than estimated in relation to the measured values. The statistical evaluations also showed that the accuracy of the HYDRUS-2D numerical model with respect to the coefficients of determination between 0. 76 to 0. 9 and RMSE ranged from 2. 23 to 4. 01, and the good ability of the model in predicting moisture content in field conditions.

In the present work heavy metal contamination of soil in Harsin city and its-Kermanshah was investigated. 37 soil samples were collected from two depths 0-20 and 20-40 cm from cultivated lands in southern area of Harsin city. 15 and 22 sampling stations are located in irrigated fields with sewage and fields without sewage, respectively. Also, soil texture, percentage of gravel, silt and clay components were determined by hydrometric method. Total concentration and bioavailable detection of heavy metals: chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and arsenic, in soil samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method. results showed that the total content of heavy metals in soil were significantly different in the two sampling depths. Wastewater irrigation on soil properties and the amount of total and soluble heavy metals is affective. According to the statistical analysis, two irrigation factors with sewage and geochemistry of the study area were identified as essential factors on the increasing amount of heavy metals.

Application of crop models is essential for numerous purposes including prediction of crop yield and water requirement, evaluation of the impact of climate change, drought and irrigation and agronomic management on crop growth and development. One challenge with the application of these models is the large number of input parameters. Measurement of input parameters can be time-consuming, costly and sometimes practically impossible and they are usually estimated using calibration and inverse modelling. Sensitivity Analysis is a procedure during which the impact of input parameters on target output variables is investigated. During model calibration, sensitive parameters must be measured or estimated with higher accuracy. Analysis of the sensitivity of closed-source models is not as straightforward as it is with open-source models. In this research, the impact of 47 crop parameters on five output variables of AquaCrop, a closed-source crop model, namely soil evaporation, crop transpiration, evapotranspiration, biomass at harvest and grain yield, were studied for wheat and maize in Qazvin Plain and Moghan Pars-Abad in Iran. The sensitivity of the selected parameters was evaluated with the relative Nash– Sutcliffe Efficiency Index. Increase in canopy cover, degree-days from sowing to maturity, degree-days from sowing to start of senescence and maximum canopy cover in fraction of soil cover were identified as sensitive parameters for both crops. Therefore, accurate determination of crop growth stages, in calendar days or degree-days, which are easier to measure than most of the other parameters, is of greater importance. In Qazvin and for all output variables, around half of the selected parameters were ineffective and considered unimportant during calibration. Despite that the methods of local SA are computationally and conceptually simpler than the methods of global SA, the results showed that this method could lead to similar outcomes to previous studies in which global methods were used.

Darcy's law is valid for laminar flow and its application is not recommended for turbulent flow. The turbulent flow equations are derived based on hydrodynamics principals with introducing turbulence effects. The purpose of this research is to derive the relationship between discharge and hydraulic potential in radial flow in unconfined aquifers under steady state. The basis of the relationship is fractional derivative approach of the velocity flow related to the hydraulic gradient. The previous study data was used for the verification of the derived equation. The profile of the water level was computed and plotted for different porous media with non-Darcy flow in unconfined aquifer for different discharges based on the extracted equation and compared with the results of the Darcy's law. The results showed with increasing the discharge values the highest and lowest increament of water level were 10 and 1. 48% related to Darcy flow respectively. These values for increasing of hydraulic conductivity were 19 and 9. 8% respectively. Overall, the difference between the Darcy and non Darcy flow in water level estimation increased with increasing discharge and hydraulic conductivity as well as the increase of both parameters, which water level was higher in Darcy flow than non Darcy flow in all water profile profiles.

In this research, optimal design of trapezoidal labyrinth spillway has been investigated using Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm with respect to hydraulic conditions. By choosing the assumed volume of spillway concrete as the objective function, after several running the model and trial & error, parameters of the algorithm such as iteration, number of wolves and the penalty coefficient were determined to be 1000, 30 and 1011, respectively and by five times of testing, at the 996th iteration, the optimal response of objective function was achieved. The obtained value from the proposed algorithm was compared to the real value and also the results of the Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Differential Evolution (DE) in previous studies. Using GWO algorithm for designing the considered dam's spillway, made reduction of 40. 928% in amount of assumed concrete volume and increase the rate of discharge to 10. 71% than to real value, which showed a better performance compared to above algorithms. Significant reduction of the consumed concrete volume in the proposed spillway by using GWO algorithm indicates ability and necessity of using this algorithm to solve optimization problems in the field of spillways.

In the localized irrigation method, determining the surface of the shaded of trees is very important in estimating water requirement and water use management. In this study, it was used to estimate the shaded area of satellite imagery processing. According to the results, the shaded area of grape trees in real conditions 7. 11% more than conventional values in the design of irrigation systems. The actual shaded area in olive, pear and apple, peach and nectarine, cherry and sour cherry and walnut are also 7. 35, 3. 21, 3. 28, 8. 48 and 4. 32% less than conventional values in local irrigation design. In irrigation schemes, the surface area of the shade of grapes and other trees are usually 50 and 70%, and the constant is considered, while the average level of shaded for all trees is about 46%. Therefore, in most of the projects, estimation of shaded area and water requirement is estimated. In reality, depending on factors such as garden type, age of tree, growth conditions. The shaded area is variable and is different from the estimated values. Imperise estimation of water requirement leads to error in irrigation planning, reduction in crop yield and water resources overuse. So, shaded area needs to be adjusted in any system during operation, with satellite imagery or other tools, measurement and irrigation plan based on the updated estimation of water requirement.

Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is one of the most important components for water resources management. In this study, 24-hour probable maximum precipitation (PMP24) was estimated and compared with Hershfield standard and modified and physical approaches in Bushehr province. Among the weather stations of Bushehr province, seven synoptic stations were selected. The data used to include 24-hour precipitation, dew point temperature, wind speed, station pressure, and sea-level pressure during 1968-2018 years. The results showed that in the Hershfield standard, the frequency factor and the PMP24 values in the studied stations were estimated in the range of 16. 2-17. 9 and 433. 5-880. 6 mm, respectively. Similarly, in the Hershfield modified, these values were estimated in the studied stations in the range of 2. 39-44. 64 and 103. 61-23. 4 mm, respectively. The regional PMP24 values for both the Hershfield standard and modified methods and physical approaches were estimated 660. 5, 181. 4, and 139. 9 mm, respectively. In general, considering the physical characteristics of the air mass in the physical approach, the use of this approach is proposed to reduce uncertainty. If the Hershfield standard method is used, the design and construction costs increase unnecessarily.

Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) is an important parameter for determining crop water requirements in the FAO method, and hence, its accurate estimation is of crucial importance in optimizing crop water use and water resources management. In this research where conducted in Haji Abad region of Hormozgan province for four years, weekly evapotranspiration from grass as a reference crop was measured using a drainable lysimeter. The ETo was also estimated using eleven models including FAO Radiation, Evaporation Pan, Blaney-Criddle, Penman and Penman-Monteith and Papadakis, Ivanov, Jensen-Haise, Hargreavse-Samani, Tork, and Makking models. The estimated ETo values from different models were compared with the data measured from lysimeter using linear regression, root mean square error, mean bias error, index of agreement and variance of the distribution of differences. Results showed that FAO Penman, Ivanov, Papadakis and Jensen-Haise models overestimated ETo, but the FAO evaporation pan, Hargreaves-Samani, Turk and Making models underestimated it. The results also indicated that the FAO Blaney-Criddle and FAO Penman-Monteith models had respectively higher accordance and homogeneity with the real data measured from lysimeter and can predict ETo with higher accuracy than other tested models. Therefore, these models are recommended, respectively, as the most appropriate models to estimate ETo in Haji Abad region and the areas having the same climate.

Knowledge of the exact amount of daily suspended sediment loads can be used to identify the erosion and sedimentation status of the watersheds. In this research, intelligent artificial neural network and Gene Expression Programming was models used to estimate the daily suspended sediment load. Also, due to the importance of the watershed response to the input variables of the models, in addition to the flow discharge variable, the dynamic precipitation variable was also selected for entering the models due to its influential role in creating erosion and sediment production. The results of this study showed that all the models that used the precipitation variable along with the flow discharge had higher NSE and R2 statistic and lower RMSE and MAE statistics compared to the models that only the flow discharge variable to estimate the suspended sediment load. Also, GEP model with input variable combinations including instantaneous flow, average, average daily flow discharge with a delay time of three days, average daily precipitation and average daily precipitation with a delay time of three days, the most efficient model for estimating the daily suspended sediment load with the highest amount of statistics NSE was 0. 90 and R2 was 0. 92 and the lowest value of RMSE was 2282. 42 (ton/day) and MAE was 750. 38 (ton/day) compared to artificial neural network models. In general, the results of this research showed that the flow discharge variable, alone could not properly explain the variance of river sediment. Using precipitation variable as input variable to intelligent models played a significant role in increasing the precision of estimation of suspended sediment load and using precipitation variables In addition to the flow discharge variable, during the modeling process, the efficiency of the models was increased.

Considering the importance of cotton in crop rotation and the decreasing trend of its cultivation area in recent years, it is necessary to use efficient and optimized methods to increase the cultivation area and the amount of production of this strategic crop and to reduce its production costs. One of these methods is the delayed cotton cultivation of premature cultivars in the form of transplanting. Considering the important role of time management and irrigation in cotton cultivation, it is necessary to determine the optimal amount of water consumed by this plant in the delayed cultivation method. This research was carried out in a split plot design by randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation interval treatments (including irrigation after 70, 105 and 140 mm cumulative evaporation from the evaporation pan) as main plots and different irrigation water amounts (including 50, 75, 100 and 125% of evaporated water from the pan) as subplots were considered. The results showed that the treatment of irrigation after 105 mm evaporation from the pan had the highest yield, bolting percentage, water use efficiency and lint content, and yielded higher yields of 11 and 40% than 70 and 140 mm treatments, respectively. While 100% water treatment with 2016 kg/ha had the highest yield among irrigation depth treatments, the difference between treatments with 50 and 125% was not significant in 5% level in Duncan test. On the other hand, with increasing water depth, water use efficiency decreased, in such a way that 50% water treatment had the highest water use efficiency. Finally, according to the evaluation results of performance, yield components, and water use efficiency, the best treatment was irrigating after 105 mm evaporation from the pan with depth of 50%.

Water is one of the factors limiting the development of the countryʼ s agricultural economy and the appropriate way of allocating this input among different activities of agriculture is one of the main goals of agricultural sector policy makers in order to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. The water economic productivity of crops can be considered as an appropriate measure to identify the appropriate water allocation policy for each region. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of policies on increasing the price of irrigation water (through increased extraction costs) and reducing available water (through blocking unauthorized wells and installing the meter on agricultural wells) on the water economic productivity index of the main crops of the Shahdad county located in Kerman city. The data and statistics were collected using random sampling and distribution of questionnaires among 106 farmers in Shahdad county. To investigate the effects of water management policies, the PMP model and the NPBD index for calculating the water economic productivity of agricultural crop was used. The results of calculating the NPBD index showed that among the selected crops, garlic crop with 10, 025 Rials per cubic meter has the most economic water productivity. Also, the policy of reducing water availability had the least effect on the economic water productivity index of garlic product, by 18. 64%. In addition, the mentioned policy, imposes the least economic losses on farmers in the region. It is suggested that before applying the policies of increasing the price of irrigation water and reducing available water consider the effects and consequences of these policies on the water productivity of crops in the region.

Momentum exchange and tensions at the main channel– flood plain interface in a compound channel will losses the energy flow, reduce conveyance and makes error in estimating the water surface profile, flood routing and sediment and pollutant transport. So, determining the kinetic energy correction coefficients (α or Coriolis coefficient) and momentum coefficients (B or Boussinesq coefficient) is very important in estimating kinetic energy loss and momentum exchange. In this study, using FCF (Flood Channel Facility) channel data, the effects of floodplain width (4. 1, 2. 25 and 0. 75 m), main channel bank slop (0: 1, 1: 1 and 2: 1) and asymmetric cross section on the coefficients α and B are investigated. According to the results, with increasing floodplain width, the maximum values of α and B increased, so that the values of α and B in the floodplain with the highest width are 1. 36 and 1. 13 times the values of α and B in the floodplain with the lowest width respectively. Of course, the effect of increasing the main channel bank slope on the values of these coefficients can be discarded. Because with increasing slope from 2: 1 to 0: 1, the maximum coefficients α and B were 1. 015 and 1. 01 respectively. The maximum values of the coefficient α in the asymmetric channel are always less than symmetric channels (with less or more total width in the floodplain). The maximum value of the B coefficient in the asymmetric channel is lower than the symmetrical channels with wider floodplain, and it is higher than the symmetrical channels with narrower floodplain. Also, using the CES (Conveyance Estimation System) software, the coefficients a, b and discharge are estimated and compared with actual FCF channel data. The results show that the high performance of the CES in determining the hydraulic parameters of flow in symmetric and asymmetric composite sections.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of periodic water stress on yield and yield components of Quinoa in the experimental research under greenhouse conditions. This research was conducted to study the effect of water stress on yield and yield components of Quinoa in the experimental research greenhouse of Ferdowsi university of Mashhad during 2018-19. NSRQC cultivar of Quinoa was planted and experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. Treatments were full irrigation in all growth stages, water stress in vegetative stage, water stress in flowering stages, water stress in grain filling stage and deficit irrigation in all growth stage treatment with supplemental irrigation in time of planting. Results showed that the effect of periodic water stress on leaf number, leaf panicle, panicle length, stem diameter, plant height, SPAD index, 1000 kernel weight, grain yield and water productivity were highly significant (P>0. 01), but different irrigation regimes on branches number and panicle width were significant at 5 % levels. Results showed that the highest 1000 kernel weight (3. 99 g), grain yield (21. 2 g) and plant height (67. 9 cm) were in full irrigation in all growth stage treatment and the highest water productivity (2. 14 kgm-3) was in deficit irrigation in all growth stage treatment. With 50% reduction of water in vegetative stage, flowering stage, grain filling staged and deficit irrigation in all growth stage compared to full irrigation in all growth stage treatment, 1000 kernel weights were decreased by 19. 0, 9. 0, 4. 5, and 26. 6 % and Grain yield was decreased by 19. 3, 11. 8, 7. 5 and 21. 2% respectively. Due to the problems same as water shortage in most parts of the country, use of deficit irrigation (50% of FC. ) at grain filling stages for Quinoa cultivation is applicable.

Iran is facing with limited freshwater resources, on the one hand, it is increasing demand for water for various uses, on the other hand. One of the most important challenges in planning water resources is the determination of environmental flow into the rivers. Environmental flow describes the time, quality, and amount of flow needed to maintain the aquatic ecosystem. Protected rivers are widely protected with a high conservation value, aimed at preserving and restoring plant habitats. Protected areas are suitable environments for conducting educational and environmental studies. Kashafrood Protected River is part of the Qara-e-Ghom basin of Iran located in the northeast of the country and in the north of Khorasan Razavi province. The basin has 15650 km of area. To maintain ecosystems in this area, it is essential to determine minimum environmental flow. Today, environmental flow of the rivers are estimated by various methods, among which hydrological approaches are the most widely used ones. In this paper, environmental flow of the Kashafrood Protected River is estimated on the basis of the 39-year statistical period in the Olang Asadi station using hydrostatic methods of Tessman and Transmission curve continuity flow (Smakhtin). The required flows were obtained and then, using SWOT analysis, according to the internal and external characteristics of each method, the most suitable approach for determining the environmental flow of Kashafrood River was presented. The minimum environmental flow in the Tessman method was 1. 57 and in Smakhtin method, the continuity curve was 1. 85. Using the SWOT analysis, internal and external evaluation matrices of the internal and external assessment matrix were used to convey the continuity curve of 3. 64 and 3. 53, which was selected as the appropriate method in comparison to the Tessman method.

Rainfall-runoff modeling is an important and complex aspect in most water resource management and planning projects. In this study, Perespetron multi-layered artificial neural network (MLP), Radial basis function Neural Network (RBF), and support vector machine regression with linear kernel functions (SVR linear) were used to develop some models in SPSS to simulate Rainfall-runoff process in subarea of Safaroud dam, located in Halil Rood watershed. For this porpose, hydrometric data of Hanjan station and rainfall data of Hanjan, Rabor, Cheshme Aroos, and Meidan stations, located in the studied area, were used. 70% of the data were used as training data and 30% were used as test data. After calculating the partial correlation coefficients of the rainfall and discharge, six different patterns were used to model the daily rainfall of Hanjan station. In the best pattern of the test level, for SVR Linear 5 model, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (r) were equal to 0. 032, 0. 229, and 0. 967, respectively. The results proved the efficient performance of MLP and SVR Linear in Rainfall-runoff modeling in the studied area.

Water use in field is expressed as evapotranspiration (ET). If the water requirement of the plant is not provided, the rate of plant evapotranspiration is less than potential evapotranspiration and water stress occurs and plant yield decreases. In order to prevent the loss of plant yield, limited water resources should be optimized based on the inevitable needs of the plant. One of the methods for optimal use of water in the agricultural sector is to increase the efficiency and use of water in the production of agricultural products such as potatoes through the production functions and the relative relation of yield and water consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production functions has been modified by Rase (2004) and Tafteh et al. (2013) for estimating potato yield under deficit irrigation conditions. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replications for two years of cultivation and total of 30 treatments at Shahrekord Agricultural Research Center. Irrigation treatments were in five levels of full irrigation (E0), 85% (E1), 70% (E2), 55% (E3) and 30% (E4) of actual evapotranspiration of potato from drainage lysymeter, at different stages of plant growth Includes seed stage and vegetative growth (T1), full growth stage (T2), and stage of ripening of the tubers (T3). The results showed that the highest water requirement was 814 mm and was related to T16 treatment with a maximum yield of 42500 kg/ha and the minimum water consumption was 512 mm and was related to T15 treatment with a yield of 24600 kg/ha. After estimating the product yield using Reese (2004) and tafteh et al (2013) methods, the performance of these two functions was compared with the measured yield on the field. In the first method, the RMSE, NRMSE values were 7113 and 0. 19, and in the second method, the values of these statistics were 6830 and 0. 18, respectively. Both methods were overestimated based on MBE index and Tafteh et al. (2013) method with FAO coefficients had the lowest MBE. Therefore, using this method, the values of the sensitivity coefficient were calibrated and finally the yield response factor were obtained based on Tafteh et al function for 4 phases of the FAO standard (initial, development, middle and final) 0. 29, 1. 12, 0. 95 and 0. 46 respectively.

Study of the performance of different drainage systems is essential for canola cultivation in the paddy fields of Mazandaran Province. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted at the drainage pilot of the Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2017-2018 cropping season. At 8 stages of canola growth, sampling were done under randomized complete block design with three replications in subsurface drainage systems and surface one (Control) in order to determinate leaf area (LA), leaf area index (LAI), numbers of leaves (SLN) and leaf dry weight (LDW). Then, statistical analysis was carried out to study the effect of drain depth and spacing on the mentioned growth indices and the mathematical relationships between leaf area and its dry weight were found through evaluating linear and nonlinear regression models under different drainage systems. Maximum LA in all treatments occurred about 90 day after planting. Mathematical relations between LA and LDW described by linear and power models were suitable (with a correlation coefficient of 0. 98). Among the mathematical functions, reverse polynomial functions with degrees 4 and 5, logarithmic equations and inverse logarithmic equations with degrees 3, 4, and 5 showed better results than other mathematical functions The relations obtained in this experiment can be used in simulation models for winter canola growth under water table control conditions.

Actor’ s collaboration in strategic water management activities, decision making and decision aiding are integral principles of sustainable development. Lack of cooperation and ignorance of the actors about their actions and failure to put them in the decision-making position will lead to their feeling of lack of belonging to the future fate of the water and their inevitable consequence will be their inability to conserve water resources. Therefore, the importance of actor collaboration in water management decisions can be emphasized. If the collaboration implement, help to prevent future water scarcity. The purpose of this study was to establish consensus on optimal water management in Kashafrood catchment. In this research, after identifying and analyzing key and effective actors, identifying the status quo and formulating strategies, the landscape of the catchment will be explained in a horizon that will have a stable equilibrium in water resources and consumption. Below this perspective, 19 basic strategies and 63 macro policies formulated. Due to the multitude of policies formulated, roadmap tools were used to facilitate the outlook. The main components of the roadmap in this study are: reforming the structure of executive management, promoting water culture and community empowerment, reforming and enhancing economic, financial and technical policies, enhancing skills, upgrading systems data, processing and analyzing them, and amending laws and regulations. The most effective way to implement formulated policies is to collaborate in decision aiding sessions and raise their awareness. Collaboration meetings will not be able to solve the water management problems of this basin without creating a common understanding between managers and water users.

Scarcity of irrigation water and reduction of its quality are the most important reasons in reducing the growth and yield of agricultural products in arid and semi-arid regions. Optimization of the water use and proper management of saline water is a way to increase water use efficiency. In this research, sugar beet production function was obtained based on the amount and salinity of irrigation water. Then, the needed equations for determining the optimum irrigation water depth when the price of sugar beet is variable and dependant on its quality (sugar content rate) is determined. For salinity of 0 ds/m and based on current prices of water and crop, optimum amounts of water were 1. 87, 1. 77 and 1. 52 m to obtain the maximum yield and maximum profit under limited land and limited water conditions, respectively. The amount of water saving under water limiting conditions were 18. 7 %, respectively, and the cultivation area increased by 20%, respectively.

Approximately, seventy percent of the water used in the world, including all the water diverted from rivers and pumped from underground is used for agricultural irrigation. Use of treated wastewater for irrigation is considered as an important alternative water source in the new water management strategy of the countries facing severe deficiency of water resources. The aim of this study is to examine the possibility of using the wastewater of Tafreshʼ s municipal sewage treatment plant for agriculture irrigation. This research is a descriptive-cross sectional study. For this purpose, some of the physical, chemical, and microbial parameters regarding the wastewater quality of Tafreshʼ s municipal sewage treatment plant between April and September 2017 were measured on a monthly basis, then compared with the standards of Iranian Environmental Protection Organization, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), World Health Organization (WHO) and World Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and analyzed by Excel software. Results showed that the average residual concentration in wastewater effluent for COD, BOD, DO, TSS, lead, copper, cadmium in mg/L and pH were 35. 08, 17. 56, 0. 92, 25. 40, 0. 038, 0. 017, 0. 003 and 7. 60, respectively. The total average of removal efficiency for COD, BOD5 and TSS were calculated as 90. 13, 92. 28 and 89. 49%, respectively. Values of microbial parameters were total coliform 194. 16, fecal coliform 897. 50, manufacturer part number (MPN)/100 ml. The results showed that the mean values of the quality parameters of the studied output wastewater of municipal sewage treatment plant in the city of Tafresh were in the standard range for the uses of agriculture and irrigation.

In order to investigate the effect of low irrigation on some morph physiological and qualitative characteristics of Kochia plant, an experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement base on randomized complete block design with three replications in farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during of 2017. The main plots consisted of three levels of irrigation (50, 65 and 80% water requirement plant: WRP) and sub plots was two Koshia ecotype (Sabzevar and Boroujerd). The results showed that with decreasing irrigation water to 65 and 50% of PWR, the plant height reduction was about 15 and 26%, and the green area index was also declined about 25 and 38% in compare of irrigation in 80% of PWR. The highest fresh (27. 9 t/ha) and dry (11. 3 t/ha) forages weight were obtained from irrigation on 80% WRP treatment. Sabzevar ecotype was produced about 5. 24 (t/ha) in fresh and 4. 10 (t/ha) in dry forages more than another Koshiaecotype. The lowest amount of relative water content (70. 5%) and maximum electrolyte leakage (54. 2%) were observed from 50% WRP. The highest percentage of crude protein (13. 2%) was recorded in irrigation with 65% WRP, the highest amount of NDF and ADF were obtained from irrigation on 80% WRP treatment and the lowest of them were recorded from 50% WRP, as 19. 1% and 71. 9%, respectively. Sabzevarecotype had more morphological traits (plant height, green area index, fresh and dry forage, relative water content) and forage nutritional value than Boroujerd ecotype. In both ecotypes, with reducing the amount of irrigation water lead toimproveforage nutritional value. The results of correlation coefficients showed that the forage yield had a significant positive correlation with plant height (r = 0. 49 *) and green area index (r = 0. 57 **).

Peppermint is one of the medicinal and aromatic herbs that has many medicinal, nutritional, cosmetic and hygienic uses. One of its prominent properties is its antimicrobial properties. In order to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer and different levels of irrigation on the growth stages of peppermint, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in a greenhouse research environment in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in spring 1977 in a two-factorial completely randomized design with 3 replications. Peppermint pepper was done. Experimental treatments included irrigation treatments at 4 levels (50, 75, 100 and 120% of plant water requirement) and 4 levels of organic fertilizer (cow manure at 2 levels (5 and 10 t ha-1) and poultry manure at 2 levels (20 and 70 G / l) that were used at different stages of pepper plant growth. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and fertilizer levels on morphological characteristics of peppermint such as plant height and stem diameter were not significant on leaf fresh weight, root fresh weight and root dry weight (at 0. 01 level). It was very meaningful. It can be concluded that the highest amount of irrigation and cow and poultry manure increased leaf fresh weight and organic fertilizer had no effect on fresh and dry root weight. Interaction of irrigation and fertilizer levels on physiological characteristics of peppermint such as stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content and electrolyte leakage were not significant and were highly significant at chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll at 0. 01 level. The lowest irrigation and the highest amount of poultry manure increased chlorophyll a and the lowest irrigation and the lowest amount of organic fertilizer increased chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll and was significant at 0. 05 level of leaf chlorophyll index (chlorophyll spd index). The lowest amount of irrigation and the highest amount of organic fertilizer increased leaf chlorophyll index. It can be concluded that peppermint was more sensitive to different levels of irrigation and fertilizer levels did not have a positive effect on peppermint yield and among organic fertilizers the effect of poultry manure was more than cow manure.

This study was conducted to measure water flow and root uptake under the soil in a 2 m × 2 m plot around an apple tree 15 years old under subsurface drip irrigation in Miandoab region and simulated by different scenarios in HYDRUS-2D software. The emitters were installed at a depth of 30 cm and a distance of 1 m from the trunk of tree. The soil water content was measured daily using a TDR device for 4 months. In order to calibrate of root water uptake equations, samples from root and soil were collected from different parts of root development zone. The results showed that the highest and lowest amount of root water uptake were 0. 129 and 0. 024 cm3. cm-3, respectively, that occurred in the coordinates (radial, deep), (60 cm, 50 cm) and (150 cm, 75 cm) from the tree trunk, respectively. Approximately 81% of root water uptake was at a depth of 0-50 cm. The amounts of RMSE (0. 0141-0. 0193), showed that, the HYDRUS-2D software can make an appropriate estimate from soil water content in subsurface drip irrigation. Comparison of different scenarios simulated in HYDRUS-2D with the results of field measurements showed that by reducing the emitter discharge by 2 lit/h and increasing the irrigation duration (in the constant amount of water used), the root water uptake increased by 5. 08% and deep penetration decreased by 2. 18% compared to actual condition.

The Evaluation of the quality of water resources using numerical models and qualitative indices has recently been considered by many researchers. In the present study, the thermal and qualitative stratification of the Golabar Dam reservoir, located in Zanjan, Iran, was investigated. In addition, the water quality was evaluated at different points of the reservoir at different times using the IRWQISC (Iran Water Quality Index) index. For this purpose, the 2-D CE-QUAL-W2 numerical model was used for the hydrodynamic as well as the dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solid simulation for the 1-year period of 2014 to 2015. The simulation results indicated a summer thermal stratification period from mid-March to mid-September. The water quality evaluation indicated a good water quality of the top layer of the reservoir during the six warm months of the year with an index of 75. On the other hand, the water quality of the sub layer dropped from the good with an index of 75 to a rather bad class with an index of about 40/5. In addition, in the six cold months of the year, the water quality improved from the middle class with an index of 46 to the good class with an index of about 77. In general, the spatial and temporal study of the water quality of the dam reservoirs using different water quality indices such as IRWQISC can significantly help in determination of the water quality and providing management strategies for the verification of the water draw-off elevation, optimal water usage as well as providing solutions for improving the water quality in the reservoirs.

The soil moisture estimation is essential for optimal water and soil resources management. Surface moisture is an important variable in nature's water cycle, which plays an important role in the global equilibrium of water and energy due to its impact on hydrological, ecological and meteorological processes. Therefore, in this study, soil moisture simulation in the upcoming period (2020-2039) was compared to the base period (1992-2011) from the Faroub corn farm located in Neishabour plain. The climate data was estimated using six GCM models and two RCP4. 5 and RCP8. 5 release scenarios. The LARS-WG model was quantified using SWAP model. The results of the change in climate parameters showed that the minimum and maximum temperatures for AOGCM models in the upcoming period will increase compared to the base period, and in some models the future rainfall will decrease compared to the base period and the RCP8. 5 scenario shows a higher increase compared to RCP4. 5. Changes in soil moisture at a depth of 30 cm showed that the moisture content in the soil in the upcoming periods of 2020-2039 compared with the base period for each two-year period is negligible however, the RCP8. 5 scenario shows lower moisture content than RCP4. 5 scenario for the six AOGCM models. Estimated annual moisture values showed that in RCP4. 5 scenario at 30 cm depth of the IPSL model, the lowest moisture content and GISS-ES-R and GFDL models had the highest annual moisture content and for RCP8. 5 at depths of 30 Centimeters, GFDL Model and GISS-ES-R model have the lowest moisture content and the highest annual moisture content during the weeks after plant growth.

The beneficial use of unconventional water resources for sustainable agriculture, taking into account the environmental impacts and economic returns, is a multi-criteria decision-making process based on the value of each criterion. In this research, after collecting resources and extracting decision making criteria regarding the use of wastewater in agriculture, a hierarchical structure based on two technical-economical and environmental factors is prepared and using a hierarchical analysis in the GIS software environment, the feasibility of using wastewater for cultivation of 10 common crops was carried out in Golestan province. The irrigation water fairness, the techno-economical distance from the outlet of the treatment plant and the suitability of the land for cultivating are from the technical-economical sub-criteria And the quality of irrigation water, soil, plant and aquifer vulnerability are the environmental criteria of this structure. Also, some parameters such as slope, topography, land use, depth of soil and technical permissible distance were considered as limiting factors. The results of this feasibility study, which was carried out using data from Kurdokoy wastewater treatment plant, Despite the low utilization rate of all plants due to lack of utility parameters such as nitrate, microbial contamination and aquifer vulnerability, which had the highest sensitivity and relative weight, cotton and canola have the highest desirable yield of 10 common crops In the area covered by the wastewater plant.

Scour depth prediction downstream of control structures such as spillways and grade-control structures is one of the essential issues in the design of these structures. In the present study, the efficiency of the Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) method was evaluated to estimate the scour depth downstream of control structures. Various models were developed and the impacts of hydraulic parameters were evaluated. The results proved the high efficiency of the applied method in the research in estimating the scour depth compared to the semi-empirical equations. The best result for test series was obtained in the state of sharp crested weir with the values of CC=0. 93, DC=0. 90, RMSE=11. 2% and MAE=7. 9% and in the inclined slope controlled with the values of CC=0. 86, DC=0. 81, RMSE=19. 4% and MAE=16. 7%. As well as, the sensitivity analysis results show that Fr1 and b/z parameters and Fr1 and Dp/h is the most important parameter affecting the scour depth simulation downstream of sharp crested weir and inclined slope controlled respectively. In fact, variations in the scour depth are influenced by geometry and flow energy in the upstream of these structures. The comparison of semi-empirical and classical relations with the results of the applied method in the research showed that the results of the intelligent GPR method are more accurate and reliable than the classical relations. So that the root mean square error decreased more than 80%.

This study was carried out in order to investigate and determine the water requirement and irrigation scheduling in the Vardij district of Tehran province. In order to calculate the reference evapotranspiration, the FAO Penman-Monteith equation was utilized and WUCOLS III method was recruited to vegetation coefficient. The climate data of Chitgar Station (from 2008 to 2017) was used to calculate the reference evapotranspiration and effective rainfall. The results showed that effective rainfall in the studied area was not sufficient to provide the required water for the plant and there is a need for additional irrigation during the growing season. The highest amount (i. e. 41. 57 mm) of evapotranspiration of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. was observed in July and the lowest amount of evapotranspiration in January (i. e. 6. 65 mm) was measured. The total amount of evapotranspiration was 266. 31 mm. The irrigation with a amount of 12. 28 mm begins from May 22 and ends on Octobre 7 with a value of 10. 23 mm. The maximum amount of required irrigation (i. e. 20. 23 m) was applied from July 7 to july 22 and the lowest amount of required irrigation (i. e. 10. 23 mm) applied from Octoble 7 to Octoble 22.

Precipitation is one of the most important factors used in estimating many hydrological parameters at the level of the catchment area. Due to the importance of precipitation data in various sciences and the absence of a large and adequate rainfall network, it is necessary to estimate precipitation data in some way. One way to estimate precipitation is to use satellite data. In this study, precipitation data of GPCC, GPCP, CMAP and NCEP-NCAR models with station data in Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan, Kurdistan and Hamedan provinces were investigated. The results showed that GPCP, GPCC, CMAP and NCEP-NCAR had good results in these regions and among them GPCP and GPCC produced better results. In evaluating GPCP with the weighted average of stations in the study area in pixel 3 in 2003 Explanation Coefficient (R2), Model Efficiency Coefficient (EF), Averaged Error Error (MBE), Absolute Mean Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RAD) RMSE) were 0. 96, 0. 94, 3. 13, 5. 30 and 6. 58 mm / month, respectively.

One of the most reliable methods for assessing the effects of climate change is the use of climate variables simulated by general atmospheric circulation (GCM) models, but these simulations have uncertainties. Avoiding the uncertainties associated with climate change in research will reduce the credibility of the results and result in unrealistic and unrealistic results. In this study, the data of temperature, precipitation and radiation simulated by 5 models HADCM3, NCCCSM, NCCCSM, INCM3, GFCM21 and MPEH5 at the Synoptic Station of Rasht based on A1B, A2 and B1 emission scenarios were statistically analyzed. Also, the uncertainty of each of the general atmospheric circulation models and diffusion scenarios was investigated by weighting method. The results of the test of the calculated statistics for each model were presented individually. The INCM3 model in the A1B scenario for simulating rainfall, the NCCCSM model in the A1B scenario for radiation simulation and GFCM21 under B1 scenario for simulating minimum temperature and HADCM3 model in the A1B scenario for maximum temperature simulation. The results of ensemble performance of the models also showed that in the future planning, the group composition of the models can be simulated with less uncertainty and more accurately the climatic parameters. In order to select the best scenario based on the group implementation of the models, the best match is the simulated rainfall data with real data based on B1 scenario, for A1B scenario data and minimum and maximum temperature based on scenario B1.