Criticism is judging the merits and demerits of something and showing its weaknesses and strengths. Textbook evaluation, as a small step in learning and teaching process, can help teachers and learners find books that suit their needs and likes. In the present article, the book ‘ Educational Psychology’ (the 13th global edition) authored by Anita Woolfolk (2016) is reviewed and evaluated. This is a qualitative evaluation based on the writer’ s experience in teaching this source in postgraduate classes for several years. To do so, the formal characteristics and the content of the book and the degree of its success in fulfilling the objectives, which are mentioned in the introduction of the book, are examined. Although this book, like any other book, is not flawless, it can surely be recommended to those who are interested in the learning-teaching process. It is hoped that, via this article, this book would be read and used by more people in the scientific community of Iran.

Background: Positive effects of medical science courses, because of lack of necessary support, will disappear. It’s expected that education greatly affects current or future capabilities of students. To increase accountability of professional training in order to prove the value of practical training programs of University, complete assessment and evaluation process to consider the ROI approach, is appropriate. This paper introduces (Return on Investment) ROI strategy to develop medical education.Methods: Related articles on library and Internet resources were evaluated and articles that are more related to the subject were selected and their contents were extracted.Results: Many universities throughout the world with the evaluation process of ROI and effort of return on investment with lower cost achieve better learning teaching activitiy results. In unless Educational systems the value should not be teaching, training should lead to value. the training goals for all the people who are related to education, are not clear, positive effects will not be achieved. The education that is leading to value has three characteristics: plan, implementation, and follow-up program, the third characteristic is the most important. Getting value from education requires integration, plan and follow up. ROI methods can be used for Educational Planning and investments in education and training activities. Evaluation of plan and data collection and analysis process are the ROI model’s steps.Conclusion: By the evaluation of training programs with the ROI, training can be perceived as a bright valid spot. Instructional designers can use the results of the ROI to increase alignment with the Educational needs of university and also to improve efficiency, design and development of the training cycle. This model is more applicable for long periods and cognitive and perceptual skills.

Background and Aim: Strategic thinking is the most essential part of Educational Planning. The main purpose of the present study is developing the Strategic Educational Planning of dermatology in Iran from 2007 to 2010.Materials and Methods: A qualitative investigation using focused group discussion was implemented for developing Educational strategy in dermatology. Six to ten academic members of dermatologic departments and other stakeholders participated in this study. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of dermatology education in Iran were analyzed. Strategic objectives in three domains, viz. education, research, and provision of health services were identified. Results: Educational objectives included training personnel at different academic levels ranging from general practice and specialization to fellowship in dermatology in accordance with the needs of the general public. In the field of research, necessity for more national and international participation and scientific discourse was recognized. In the health services domain designing cost-effective techniques for optimal management of dermatological problems are needed.Conclusion: Results of this study underscore the necessity of support for decision makers in Iranian health system.

The aim of this research is investigation of Educational and occupational Planning course on students' Educational guidance, and their attitude and interest, as well as that of teachers, administrators, counselors and parents towards the students' elected branches.The method was ex-post facto the sample groups were 659 high school and pre-college students, 193 parents, 200 teachers and 69 administrators, counselors and parents randomly selected from Tehran schools. After collecting and analysing data, the following were results: 1. There was a significant difference between interest and attitude of the study group (those who passed The course) and comparison group (those who did not pass the course) towards their elected branches.2. Counselors and administration staff believe that study group has better Educational conditions than comparison group.3. There is no significant difference between satisfaction of the study and comparison groups of parents in their children's elected branches.4. Teachers report that there is no significant difference between the 2 groups in school.5. The attitude and interest of girls towards their elected branches was more positive than those of boys.6. The attitude and interest of study groups in technical and Kar-Danesh branches were more positive than the study group in academic branches.

Introduction:  Proper intervention of family Planning needs informed, active and volunteered cooperation of all people and families. Such cooperation can only be insured through education.Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the Educational needs of women referring for birth delivery to Al-zahra Educational center regarding family Planning methods in 2002.Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 285 pregnant women who were randomly chosen on even days in postpartum unit. Data was collected through a questionnaire, which was used to determine its validity and reliability. Results: The mean age was 26.7 years, with 2.2 pregnancies, 2.1 deliveries, and 6.9 years of married life. From all samples 55.1% lived in cities and 57.7% were illiterates or had elementary schooling and only 3.2% had education higher than high school. 61.8% of samples had information about contraceptives and 56.1% of them received this information from health centers and only 1.4% mentioned TV as their source of information.  And 27.7% of samples had low level of information about natural methods of contraception and 10.2% had efficient level of information which indicated that 89.8% need information at a moderate to high level. In regard to hormonal contraceptives, 41.8% had needed information and only 9.8% had little information that needs more education. In relation to their knowledge level about surgical methods, 18.2% had low-level Knowledge who needs more education and 62.8% had moderate to high level of knowledge regarding barriers.The findings also showed that there is a significant correlation between education level, knowledge, number of pregnancy and delivery, years of marriage and knowledge needs (P<0.02). Conclusion: Increasing the knowledge level of people about family Planning is essential and can play an important role in preventing and decreasing economic and social problems.

ABSTRACT The attention of contemporary planners to environmental factors and increasing awareness and communication of man with his surrounding environment has increased the layers and defining factors of design and Planning concepts. In such a way, a common problem with the issue of environmental capabilities to respond was put in front of the planners. The collection of ideas presented in this era was in the form of responsive Planning, focusing on the maximum use of environmental capabilities. The necessity of the emergence of a comprehensive discourse to overcome the plurality of factors, definitions and design methods in the environmental fields has been given less attention. Based on this, the current research aims to organize the leading theories in this field in a targeted manner and seeks to improve them based on their synergy. The structural question of this research is the meanings, examples and meaningful contexts of flexibility in various aspects and scales of urban Planning. The research method used is qualitative thematic analysis with the help of artificial intelligence in MAXQDA software in a 6-step processing process. The important application of this research is to structure the minds of the planners of this field to reduce the scattered and interdisciplinary problems of the resources. The results of this research revealed dimensions such as identification and recognizability, diversity and changeability, adaptability and expandability, distribution, separation and continuity, organization and compatibility in the field of flexibility and related to the corresponding parts in urban Planning   Extended Abstract Introduction Responsiveness-based design and Planning emphasizing the maximum use of environmental capacities to meet users' needs implicitly cause a targeted improvement of environmental quality. As the environmental awareness of contemporary man has expanded and the platforms have become more diverse, many challenges are raised in the field of environment-oriented in the field of infrastructure quality and service provision. Urban developments and new developments in cities should be interpreted with integrated conceptualization. The conceptualization of interpretive flexibility in the Planning and designing of public spaces in the city is used as an interdisciplinary perspective in urban space design to open and discuss its connection and potential as an approach to strengthening social cohesion and inclusion. The general definition of flexibility is that it can create places with new forms of meaning and be used for different groups to strengthen its coherence and multidisciplinary inclusion in terms of design and Planning of space and body. On this basis, the concept of flexibility is proposed as a principle in the context of design and Planning due to its wide range of effects on background phenomena. The history of such a role can be seen in the diversity of users' needs. In such a way, it is impossible to express the specific time and area of the need to pay attention to this concept. This is in line with Oldenburg's theory of "social public spaces," in which being in public space, communicating with people and the environment through observing the streets, sidewalks, squares, and parks of the city is a necessary step for people as a part of their social life. The meaningfulness of the design of the artificial environment was considered. In any case, in the contemporary era, on the one hand, at the same time as the quantitative and qualitative increase of human environmental awareness, there is no longer any phenomenon in the eyes of contemporary man arising from a unique aspect and range of factors. On the other hand, his life needs in the individual and collective dimensions have seen a high diversity, which has led to the formation of multiple semantic domains of past flexibility. The meaning of flexibility in such an interdisciplinary platform and basic design refers to the concept of understanding and responding quickly and efficiently to environmental changes. Such a holistic definition for this broad field of environmental design means the implicit acceptance of the role of scale in the meaningful domain of these concepts. On a macro scale, it means making design options to increase the presence, participation, and power of choices of users of the environment in participatory urban Planning and design methods, and on a small scale, it means making design options to increase spatial quality and, as a result, the quality of activities. The daily activities of environmental users are through selection against the "dominant space." Flexibility at different scales is crucial for dimensional optimization, shaping, and structuring spatial features, leading to improved performance of space components and spaces. The development of the concept of "flexibility" from various studies in metropolitan to micro scales, such as interior architecture, allows it to pass the discourse of responsiveness to provide a broad approach to environmental design in which different values, interests, and priorities are prioritized. As a result, the issue of flexibility in environmental design has been raised as a multi-dimensional field in the design and Planning of the basic environment. The breadth and complexity of this concept have made the researchers of this field deal with it in one or more ways, and it has been avoided to provide a comprehensive framework about the nature and structuring processes. The current research presents a structured view of flexibility in architecture and urban Planning with an environmental approach.   Methodology The methodology to achieve this goal is to use the macro research method and achieve a comprehensive framework by combining categorized interpretations. In such a way that by sorting and categorizing these concepts and bases in a new way, he has found a new level of theoretical findings, which will be a suitable answer for the gaps in scientific knowledge and scientific methods created in this field. In this context, the research method "thematic analysis" has been used with a qualitative approach and the use of library resources. Also, to overcome the breadth and complexity of these concepts and the multi-layer networking of concepts in this research method, artificial intelligence has been used in MAXQDA research assistance software.   Results and discussion In the meantime, attention should also be paid to the fields of influence and application of the results of this research because designers refer to flexibility as the creator of environmental qualities, including dynamism. Also, since flexibility, along with the principles of readability and adaptability, affect the lifestyle and behavioral patterns of the audience of environmental design in architecture and urban Planning, it will also be effective in dealing with the challenge of complexity in environmental design factors. One of the key questions for achieving research goals on this issue is how flexibility in environmental design impacts the relationship between flexibility and scale.   Conclusion The most important finding of this research suggests that first, it requires a focus on the conditions under which the processes of perceiving human abilities and discovering the needs of the human audience can manifest. The theoretical framework arises from a comparative approach between design disciplines. These conditions are independent of the final state of the design product, and strengthening the environmental capacities will lead to a direction and an area that includes environmental flexibility. By responding to new situations, the construction of the space and the body within a space building can be adapted to various configurations. Even though the environment may remain constant, the designed place will continue functioning as a strong living system over time.  It also seems that the nature of issues related to flexibility has complexity. Considering that the quality of flexibility in urban Planning and architecture is significant in multilevel and multifaceted scales from micro to macro, it is important to pay attention to the scale of different variables. In order to reduce this problem, the consistency and adjustment of the scale of the variables measured in a specific analysis should be considered in the first step.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

Background Scoliosis is defined as a three-dimensional spinal deformity diagnosed with lateral curvature and axial vertebral rotation (1). The most common type is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), which manifests in healthy children at 10 years of age and older, especially in girls (1, 2). Despite advances in the treatment of scoliosis, treatment Planning of progressive adolescent scoliosis remains a significant challenge. It is now well known that untreated scoliosis in the adults can lead to painful spinal osteoarthritis, progressive deformity, spinal stenosis with radiculopathy, muscle fatigue from coronal and sagittal plane imbalance, and the psychological effects with the decrease in quality of life (3). . .

The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the employment competencies of Educational graduates from the perspective of view of employers. This research was applied in terms of purpose and was among the qualitative researches of Grounded Theory type. The participants of this research included 24 employers in the field of Educational (interviewers for the Education recruitment exam, directors of non-state Educational institutes, directors and recruitment officers of non-state schools, directors of kindergartens and preschools) in Birjand city. Data were collected using semi-structured interview and analyzed by Strauss and Corbin method and using MAXQDA-2020 software. In order to validate the research, two methods of member control and peer review or feedback were used. Consecutive review and comparison of data resulted in the extraction of 28 categories and 6 themes. Data analysis led to the formation of a sub-theory. The model shows that the focal variable is the process of education and teaching skills. The focal variable, under the influence of contextual and intermediate conditions, leads to the formation of the strategies of "being a lifelong learner", "research skills", "Planning skills", "classroom skills and classroom management", "purposefulness" and "problem solving skills". became Finally, "increasing employability" was the consequence of this process.