Deforestation in the past decades has risen. So, the proper development of human activities in forests requires the environmental limitations to be considered during forests management process. One of the appropriate measures is the determination of ecological vulnerability. In the present study, Patom District of Kheyrud Forest was classified based on the ecological sustainability, using Object- Oriented Vulnerability Method. The results showed that 26% of the study area is located in middle sensitive class, 46% in sensitive class and 28% in very sensitive class. Overall, we infer that Patom District of Kheyrud Forest has the high ecological vulnerability that it should be considered by forest managers.

Change detection algorithms of remote sensing image can be divided into two categories: pixel-based and object-oriented, according to the minimum processing unit.This paper deals with the comparison between application of pixel-based and objectoriented approaches in land use classification in Isfahan-Borkhar, Najafabad and Chadegan plains and evaluation of land use changes with Landsat TM (1985) and OLI (2015) data during the study period. The object-oriented approach involved the segmentation of image data into objects with multi-resolution segmentation algorithm by eCognition software. Then objects were assigned and classified with the nearest neighbour algorithm in object-oriented classification The supervised pixel-based classification involved the selection of training areas and a classification using a maximum likelihood algorithm. Accuracy assessments of both classifications were undertaken. The results show better overall accuracy (higher 90%) of the object-oriented classification over the pixel-based classification. The land use maps indicate that residential area is increased 2.09, 9.66 and 3.74% and rangeland area are decreased 7.48, 10.94 and 17.73% in Isfahan-Borkhar, Najafabad and Chadegan plains in the study period, respectively. In Chadegan plain the increase in agriculture and fallow land use has been equal to 8.31 and 5.64%, respectively.

Land use mapping is the basic tools for administrators and land planners. Severd methods have been proposed for land-use mapping. The latest and most important methods is using remotey sensed data for Land-use mapping. The aim of this study was performance evaluation of the pixelbased classification. (Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network and decision tree Methods) and objectoriented classification methods and using Landsat 8 image of 2013 for land-use mapping of arid and sem-iarid regions of Meimeh Ilam. Different land use classes were difined using training samples comperison of classification results of three different methods of fuzzy ARTMAP neural network, Gini decision tree and object-oriented Show that the object-oriented approach, has overall accuracy of 95.30 and Kappa coefficient of 90.88, and Gini tree decision and Fuzzy ARTMAP Neural Network methods has overall accuracy of 80.32 and 72.20 and Kappa coefficient of 68.75 and 36.18, respectively thus, object-oriented classification method having a difference in overall accuracy 14.98% and 23.1% and Kappa coefficient of 22.13% and 54.7% has a higher accuracy compared with the Gini decision tree and fuzzy ARTMAP neural network. Map area defined by the three methods of classification, are similar in farmlands, poor rangeland, and urban area. The greatest differences were observed in area of medium rangeland and minimum differences were related to the urban area.

Safety is of primary principles of living in human communities. Preparation and provision of necessary considerations for encountering hazards are main targets of the crisis management. Nuclear risks are one of hazards threatening in the human life. Since radioactive contaminants sustain for years after the incident, investigation into nuclear hazards and its damage on living environment and urban features is so vital. This study essentially aims at evaluating the risk of radioactive contaminants to urban land uses. Due to high resolution satellite images, remote sensing technology has been considered as an advanced technology to generate information covering urban areas. Information on land cover is one of the most important tools of management during crisis. Land cover maps can be prepared through techniques for high resolution satellite image processing and extracting urban features. In this study, the fuzzy objectoriented method is applied to classify such phenomena. In the proposed method, a fuzzy rule-based strategy and hierarchical model are employed to overcome noise between classes. Fuzzy rule-based classification method is used as well as optimization and improving features of multi-scale analysis. Considering blocks of WorldView2 sensor, 91% of object detection is implemented with an average accuracy. When classification image of urban features is produced, the risk of radioactive contaminants to each recognized object is determined based on EDEM model.

The accuracy of land use changes map obtained from remote sensing data depends on the accuracy of each of the land use maps during the time period studied. In this study, TM and OLI images in 1989 and 2018 and an objectoriented classification method were used to investigate the land use/ land cover change trends with an emphasis on agricultural land use in the Ghare Sou basin. After the pre-processing, the object-oriented processing using the multiresolution segmentation method was applied. In addition to the spectral bands, some additional information such as a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), band means, the standard deviation of bands and geometry characteristics were used to extract land use in order to obtain more accurate results. Of these non-spectral data used, 15 characteristics were selected by Feature space optimization (FSO) method to be used in nearest neighborhood algorithm. The kappa coefficient of the land use maps for 1989 and 2018 was 85% and 96%, respectively, indicating the reliability of the object-oriented classification results. In the next step, the map of the changes was produced comparing the classified maps. According to the results of the change detection, the agricultural land use during the studied period has an increase of 73849 hectares, mainly due to the destruction of rangelands and its conversion to the agricultural land agricultural land.

Background and Objective: Hills, as one of the main components of the ecological structure in a hilly town, are influenced by human actions and affect them. The landscape Ecology Approach examines diverse ecosystems at different scales and balances human actions and natural processes. In this study, changes in the ecological structure of four significant hills in Sanandaj (Tosonozar, Nishtman, Mellat, and Didgah) were investigated using Google Earth images and two ecological metrics over 16 years (2020-2004). Material and Methodology: The ecological structure of these hills was investigated by objectoriented method in six classification categories and their changes. Also, by using FRAGSTATS 4. 2 software, the status of two ecological indicators, FRAC and CONTIGH, were calculated and checked in the hills until 6/20/2019. Findings: Man-made elements have increased (19%) in all hills, especially in Nishtman. Also, rangeland cover has decreased (32%), especially in Tusunozar and Nazgah hills. The complexity of landscape spots in all hills except Toos-Nozar has increased. Also, the continuity Toos-Nozar has decreased except Toos-Nozar hill. Discussion and Conclusion: The elimination of pastures and plant species, the increase in recent fires and droughts, and the increase in human interventions such as construction and motorways, the cohesion and ecological flows of these hills have posed a severe threat. Simplification while homogeneity of landscape components in Toos-Nozar hill indicates the distance of landscape components from their natural state. The decrease in continuity in the three hills, including Mellat, Didgah, and Nishtman, indicates an increase in fragmentation and discontinuity in these hills' natural landscapes.

Accurate Forest type maps over large areas are important to construct an optimal decision support tool for forest ecosystems management. Recently, digital classification of remotely sensed data has been increasingly used as a suitable replacement to produce these maps. The obtained results are different based on the classification methods, forest covers, study area conditions and satellite data. This research utilizes data from SPOT5 images to compare the results of pixel-based, object-oriented and decision tree classification methods for mapping forest types in the Astara forests located in the northern parts of Iran. To obtain the field information, we chose a random systematic sampling a approach, where 153 plots of 1 hectare were sampled. Forest type in each plot was identified based on the percent of frequency of different species including the mixed Parrotia, mixed hardwood, mixed Carpinus, mixed Fagus and protected lands. In order to map these forest types, we used a pixel-based neural network classifier method. Forest types could be classified using spectral data with an overall accuracy of 52.04% and a kappa coefficient of 0.39. In addition to the pixel-based approach, the object-oriented classification method consisting of segmentation of image data into the primary objects and employment of the Nearest neighbor and membership functions was used for classication. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of classification reached 63.3% and 0.54 respectivelly by using the spectral data alone, Results of the accuracy assessment showed that, the performance of the object-oriented method for discrimination of forest types is considerably better than the pixel-based method. Spectral signatures of forest types showed overlaps and most of them were porrly separable in the feature space provided by remotely sensed data. Therefore, to improve discrimination of forest types. We used a texture measure and ancillary data such as DEM, slope. Aspect and distance to stream data which could be effective for mapping spatial occurrence of mixed forest types. Integration of the ancillary data with spectral data in a decision tree classifier resulted in the improvement of the classification results. In this process, overall accuracy of 76.5% and a kappa coefficient of 0.7 were obtained and DEM was the most useful layer for forest type separation and Comparison in the results of pixel-based and object-oriented classification methods showed that the objectoriented method has higher capabilities for classifying forest types. Also, higher accuracies could be achieved for separation of mixed forest types by the decision tree classifier.

1. INTRODUCTION Contemporary linguistics always seeks to present new theories to regulate studies systematically and objectively. After the emergence of cognitive semantics, many researchers and linguists started to write about it. One of the theories of cognitive semantics in literary studies is George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's conceptual metaphors theory. Metaphors, we live by described conceptual theory of metaphor or conceptual metaphor in detail in their first joint book. Regarding their theory, Lakoff and Johnson believe that one conceptual domain is understood based on another conceptual domain in conceptual metaphor. Since metaphor creates an implicit similarity between two domains or two conceptual domains, the term mapping can illustrate the connection between the two dominions. This term matches the characteristics of two cognitive domains close to each other in the form of metaphors. Conceptual metaphor is, in fact, the process of understanding and experiencing dominion (a), which takes place with the help of phenomena and terms related to dominion (b). 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD Each metaphor has three constructs: 1-Target domain (a), which generally covers mental and abstract concepts. 2-Source domain (b) is usually more objective, familiar, and conventional matters. 3-Mapping is the relationship between two domains that takes the form of correspondences between two sets (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003, p. 24). In contrast to the traditional view, this approach does not consider metaphor as a tool for beauty but instead considers metaphor as a feature of the mind through which an abstract concept is understood by applying a tangible concept. According to Lakoff and Johnson, conceptual metaphors are divided into orientational metaphors, existential or ontological metaphors, and structural metaphors. Orientational metaphors: in this type of conceptual metaphor, a concept is understood by the physical direction. These types of metaphors are associated with spatial orientations: up-down, in-out, forward-backward, far-near, deep-shallow, and center-margin. Ontological or existential metaphors: In this form of metaphor, abstract concepts and experiences are understood through objects and materials, the container, and man. Structural metaphors: The third type of conceptual metaphors that Lakoff and Johnson pay attention to are structural conceptual metaphors. It is structural since it transfers an objective whole to an abstract whole. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative study regarding the abstract concept of time in the first three volumes of Mahmoud Dolatabadi's novel (Kelidar) and Yusuf Idris's four novels (Al-Bayda, Al-Askari Al-Aswad, Al-Haram, and Al-Aib). After data collection, the descriptive-analytical method has been used based on an American school. The abstract concept of time in their works is depicted in five domains of origin: object, place, container, man, and food. Object and location domains have the highest frequency than other domains, which indicates the tendency to visualize the abstract concept of time in the form of object and place in two writers' works. Regarding the source domain of object, the concept of time in Persian examples has been stated in more diverse formats than Arabic, which refers to the diversity of imagery and flexibility of Persian speakers' minds. According to Ray's movement model for time (linear, circular, and spiral) in Persian examples, we observed linear movement, and in Arabic observed circular movement for a time, which is completely derived from the social context and intellectual-cultural basis of the author or characters. Since Lakoff and Johnson consider the two schemas of culture-based and body-based concepts in the conceptualization of conceptual metaphors, the results indicate that in the works of these authors, the abstract concept of time is more culture-based. It is worth mentioning that in this regard, we obtained a total of 78 sentences from both writers in which the abstract concept of time was conceptualized in the form of 5 mapping names: 1-Time is place. 2-Time is a container. 3-Time is an object. 4-Time is human. 5. Time is food. Their statistical analysis was presented in the data analysis section. 4. CONCLUSION The result obtained from these frequencies indicates that in the works of the two writers, the abstract concept of time was formed more on the basis of an empirical basis influenced by the surrounding environment (culture-base), in other words, it had a socio-cultural experience He has had physical experience, which in itself indicates in more detail and in particular that in both Iranian and Arabic writers the mind is more inclined to objects and properties specific to objects in order to make the abstract concept of time tangible than to the concept of time in the form of The metaphor of man or food illustrates, in other words, it shows that the mind is objectoriented in relation to the abstract concept of time. In the field of origin of the object, in Dolatabadi's view, the concept of time is associated with features such as blackness, weight (heaviness), hardness and dryness, which in fact indicates the difficulty of the situation, and interestingly, the weight is physically slow and slows down. Likewise, the characteristics (hard and dry) are undoubtedly derived from the same experiences of nomadic life and its challenges. Have a circular motion because it brings good experiences and memories for them. In the study of time mapping, it is an object from Persian and Arabic examples. We are faced with more variety, and in other words, the conceptualization of the abstract concept of time in Persian examples is more diverse than in Arabic examples. It is also worth noting that some of the examples given for each of the five aforementioned maps overlap, meaning that some of these samples can be placed in multiple maps. Of course, Likoff and Johnson also point to this, and believe that each of the different writings on abstract concepts sheds light on some of the different aspects of that concept.