Background: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) or inflammatory pseudotumor is a tumoral lesion which can be seen in all age groups and in all internal organs. It is in differential diagnosis with some important neoplasms such as Leiomyosarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, and Sarcomatoid carcinoma. Differentiation between these tumors requires a special diagnostic tool such as Immunohistochemistry (IHC). This study aimed to identify Immunohistochemical characteristics of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors.Methods: 19 cases included in this cross-sectional study. All cases with diagnosis of: "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor" or " Inflammatory pseudotumor" at pathobiology laboratories of Kermanshah university, Tehran Imam Khomaini Hospital and Institute of Cancer were selected and studied by using IHC stains for CK, EMA, SMA, MSA, Desmin, P53, ALK and Vimentin.Results: Mean age of cases was 40.4 year. 52.6% were male and 47.4% female. Most frequent affected organs were; Stomach (4 cases), Urinary Bladder (3 cases), Small Intestine (3 cases), Lung and Mediastinum (3 cases), Omentum (2 cases), Retroperitoneum (1 case), Cervix (1 case), Urethra (1 case) and gluteus Maximus Muscle (1 case), Vimentin (94.7%), MSA (57.9%) and SMA (47.4%) were the most frequent expressed mc biomarkers in diagnosed tumors respectively.Conclusion: CK is a reliable marker for differentiation between these lesions and Sarcomatoid carcinoma. For differentiation from Leiomyosarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma and Postoperative Spindle Cell Nodule, using Desmin is a useful biomarker. It is recommended that "IMT" be used for those lesions that express ALK and/or those that cytogenetic studies reveal a fusion of introducing genes. Other lesions should be classified and reported as "Inflammatory Pseudotumor.

Background: Antigen retrieval (AR) incorporate high temperature heating of tissue sections before immunostaining that strongly increases intensity of immunohistochemical staining.Materials and methods: We have tested the hypothesis that PH of the AR solution may influence the quality of immunostaining by using 3 different AR buffer solutions at 3 different PH values (2.7, 6.16 and 9.27). We have evaluated the staining of 9 antibodies on routinely formalin fixed embedded sections under different PH condition with microwave heating for 10 minutes. The intensity of immounostaining was graded by two pathologists.Results: Antigens have revealed different patterns of staining in different PH. Some antigens showed more or less equal intensity of immunohistochemical staining in these PH. Others showed a dramatic decrease in the intensity of AR immunohistochemical staining at PH=6.16. Still others showed their strongest intensity in PH=9.27.Conclusion: According to several studies concerning optimization of AR system and the aforementioned findings, standardization of AR system should therefore include optimization of the temperature and PH. Meanwhile, PH=9.27 seems to be suitable for most antigens to be effectively retrieved.

The most frequently mutated tumor suppressor gene found in human cancer is p53. In a normal situation, p53 is activated upon the induction of DNA damage to either arrest the cell cycle or else induce apoptosis. However, when mutated, p53 is no longer able to properly accomplish these functions. Our aim was to investigate p53 protein alteration in cases of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and compare it with the control group.We investigated P53 gene expression in 41 cases of basal cell carcinoma and 20 patients with benign skin disease as control group. The alteration of p53 protein was investigated by immunohistochemistry method. The Data were analyzed using SPSS package, T and Chi-Square tests.Twenty eight out of 41 basal cell carcinoma and 3 out of 20 control were p53-mutated, and there was a statistically significant difference in cases of BCC in comparison with controls (X2 test; p= 0.0001).Taken together, showing alteration of p53 protein, our findings could add to the knowledge that might contribute to the self-maintenance of cancer cells and development of basal cell carcinoma.

Introduction: Constipation is one of the most common causes of referral to pediatric gastroenterology clinics. The histopathology and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies indicated that several neurons are currently detectable in motility of the gut. We aimed to evaluate calretinin in the children with chronic constipation. Materials and Methods In this cohort study, 40 children with chronic constipation, 28 boys (70%) and 12 girls (30%) referring to pediatric surgery ward in Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Bandar Abbas-Iran, between January 2010 to February 2012, were recruited. Then, full rectal biopsy 1.5 cm above dentate line was performed for all children and calretinin immunoreactivity and pattern of staining for ganglion cells (nuclear and cytoplasmic) and also nerve fibers in different layers of the bowel (lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis propria) were measured. According to their pathologic results, the children were assigned in two groups for treatment: 1- Those with aganglionosis underwent pull- through operation, and 2- Patients with ganglion but abnormality in their immunohistochemistry received botulinum toxin. Results In this study, 9 (23.9%) aganglionic patients with the mean age of 3.6±1.7 years compared with 31 (76.1%) hypoganglionosis patients with the mean age of 3.2±1.2 years were examined. Pull- through operations were carried out for all patients in the aganglionic group, and for 6 (19.4%) patients in the hypoganglionosis group. Postoperative manometry was significantly better in both groups, but monomeric change was not significant between the two groups. Conclusion Our results revealed that calretinin is absent in aganglionic children, moreover we indicated, calretinin IHC is a very useful and valuable technique for detecting aganglionosis in patients with chronic constipation.

Introduction: Dispersed neuroendocrine system (D.N.S) consists of a wide variety of cells that are present in the central and peripheral nervous system and in many classic endocrine organs and different tissues such as respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, skin, prostate, breast and also their neoplasm show neuroendocrine differentiation by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry or biochemical techniques. Materials and Methods: The present study has been carried out by case-series method in order to evaluating the characteristics of all types of neuroendocrine carcinoma: different anatomical locations during 5 years period in immunohistochemistry department of cancer institute. Results: The diagnosis of 109 cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma consisting of neuroendocrine carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma of thyroid, carcinoid tumor and merkel cell carcinoma are confirmed that among them the most common diagnosis was related to neuroendocrine carcinoma (50.5 percent ). The most prevalent age group was 40-49 years and male to female distribution were 56 percent and 44 percent respectively. Anatomical distribution of tumor show that about 30 percent of cases were metastatic carcinoma, 30 percent in thyroid, respiratory tract and head and neck region and remainder in a variety of tissues. In over 50 percent of cases one of endocrinoid patterns as trabecular, organoid or mixed of them were seen. Conclusion: Immunohistochemically N.S.E (Neuron Specific Enolase) show high sensitivity with 96 percent positive reaction and more specific endocrine markers as chromogranin A in 80 percent and synaptophysin only in 24 percent because of lesser application of the latter. Also epithelial markers such as cytokeratin and E.M.A. (Epithelial Membrane Antigen) were positive in 69 percent and 74 percent respectively. Mean survival rate of all neuroendocrine carcinoma reached to 4.8 years with lowest survival of 4.3 years among small cell carcinoma and highest in merkel cell carcinoma with 5.5 years.

Background: Females have a 6–7% lifetime risk of developing ovarian tumors. Ovarian cancer is often termed a “silent killer” due to its frequent diagnosis at advanced stages. The present study aimed to examine the histomorphological spectrum and histological grading of ovarian germ cell tumors using the modified Bloom-Richardson Grading System. Additionally, the current study sought to molecularly classify germ cell tumors of the ovary using immunohistochemical markers, including alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Methods: This study was carried out on 50 patients diagnosed with ovarian germ cell tumors within August 2019 and July 2023. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using markers AFP, CA-125, and HCG. Results: The majority of patients were within the age range of 31–40 years. The most common presenting symptom was an abdominal mass in 28 cases (56%), followed by abdominal pain in 10 cases (20%) and postmenopausal bleeding in 8 cases (16%). Histologically, 68% and 32% of the tumors were benign and malignant, respectively. Benign tumors were predominantly cystic, whereas malignant tumors were solid or partly cystic and partly solid. Overall, 64%, 8%, and 28% of the tumors were cystic, solid, and semisolid or mixed, respectively. The diagnosis of germ cell tumors as benign or malignant was based on the predominant cell type, growth pattern, degree of fibrous stroma, cellular atypia, and invasiveness. Conclusion: The higher prevalence of malignancy was observed in patients over 50 years, postmenopausal women, tumors with solid or complex morphology, and bilateral tumors. Among ovarian neoplasms, germ cell tumors are relatively uncommon. Benign tumors were primarily mature cystic teratomas, however, malignant tumors included dysgerminomas. Choriocarcinomas showed strong HCG positivity, and endodermal sinus tumors and embryonal carcinomas demonstrated strong AFP expression.

Introduction: Lichen planus is a relatively common chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. The World Health Organization has identified lichen planus as a potential precancerous lesion. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme for inflammatory processes and cell proliferation. The increased expression of COX-2 in some chronic precancerous inflammatory diseases and malignant neoplasms of the upper aerodigestive tract suggests its role in the early stages of carcinogenesis of the head and neck and can show its potential as a prognostic factor and marker of altered behavior. The aim of this study was to analyze the COX-2 marker in the pathogenesis and biological behavior of oral lichen planus and oral lichen planus with dysplasia. Materials and Methods: The incidence rate of the COX-2 marker in the 50 samples of the pathology archive of Mashhad Dental School, Mashad, Iran, including 25 samples of oral lichen planus and 25 samples of oral lichen planus with dysplasia, was evaluated using immunohistochemistry in 2017. In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, the Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square statistical tests were used to compare the incidence of the COX-2 marker in the study groups. Results: Based on the results of this study, there was no significant difference between the two groups of oral lichen planus and oral lichen planus with dysplasia in COX-2 staining pattern in the basal layer and connective tissue; however, it was significantly higher in the suprabasal layer of the lichen planus group with dysplasia than that of the oral lichen planus group. In terms of location, lichen planus lesions with dysplasia were more commonly observed in the buccal mucosa, and oral lichen planus lesions (without dysplasia) were more frequently noticed in lips. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that increased COX-2 expression is observed in oral lichen planus lesions, especially those with dysplasia. The presence of lesions in some areas of the mouth, such as the buccal mucosa, tongue, and border of the tongue, is also more associated with dysplasia.