The diagnosis of male fertility is based on microscopic assessment and analysis of sperm concentration, motility and morphology as routine indicators of human semen quality. Successful pregnancy requires a sperm with genetic integrity. Several studies have shown that male fertility is affected by sperm DNA damage. Subsequently, the assessment of DNA integrity in sperm and the study of its consequences have received considerable attention. Several clinical studies have examined the relationships between sperm DNA damage and reproductive outcomes in the context of natural and ART pregnancies. For IVF and ICSI, the true utility of sperm DNA damage assays remains to be firmly established, since the available studies are generally small, heterogeneous, with conflicting results. Current data suggest that impaired sperm DNA integrity may have the greatest effect on IUI pregnancy rates, further prospective studies are needed before testing becomes a routine part of patient management.

Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will provide excellent opportunity to study the production and decay of heavy mesons and baryons with high statistics. We aim at the heavy mesons in this work and calculate their fragmentation functions consistent with this machine and present their total fragmentation probabilities and average fragmentation parameters.

There has been increasing concern in the international law profession about the fragmentation of international law. Although the international legal system has always developed in a fragmented way, the expansion of international law in new areas has created problems of coherence between its different branches, institutions and norm-systems. Normative conflicts and tensions between specialized regimes have emerged between general international law and its specialized branches (trade law, criminal law, human rights law, environmental law etc.). In this article we will analysis the fragmentation of international judicial system and the ways of resolving the possible contradictions. To do so, we will first consider the possibility of a uniform international judicial system and then a fragmented (pluralistic) judicial system.

International energy law faces the challenge of institutional fragmentation in its progressive development and evolution process. Lack of comprehensive energy organizations, reactive nature of energy law, variety of energy resources and multidimensional nature of energy issues have led to institutional fragmentation. Due to these reasons, several organizations have been established, causing challenges of efficiency and solidarity of international energy law. Because of limited membership, structural design issues and lack or shortage of commitment, there is not required efficiency and unification among international energy organizations. To manage this undesirable effect, the ideal solution is to establish a world energy organization which could be made by modeling from some international organization through construction or modifying. Absent this organization, the realistic solution to reach the solidarity is division of labor based on prioritization of economic organizations on international organizations in this area.

Good estimation of fragmentation potential is very important topic before selection of caving extraction methods. In-situ fragmentation is result of discontinuities with zero tension strength but primary and secondary fragmentations happen in rock blocks that seem intact and without any discontinuity. In reality in these blocks when induced stresses (due to under cutting) or shock and stress (due to transition of rock mass) affect the blocks, weak surfaces such as rock bridges, veinlet and schistose surfaces (surfaces with tension strength) are first candidates for breakage and slice. Thus it is necessary to quantify these discontinuities in a rock mass. The purpose is to construct a way for prediction of potential discontinuities. In the next step based on necessary energy for breakage, potential discontinuities are classified. We try to design and construct a new method for quantifying and classifying discontinuities in rock mass.  This method helps us to have an initial estimate of fragmentation when induced stress and large scale displacement affect rock blocks. Rock bridges, veinlet and weak surfaces in rock like as schistose surfaces (surfaces with tension strength) are potential discontinuity. Those joints that have potential of being counted as discontinuities but are not considered discontinuity in in-situ form are put in class No, 2 versus in situ fractures (surfaces without tension strength) are classified No, 1. fractures which are created after large scale displacements are known class No, 3.