Chronic otitis Media( CoM). is an inflammatory process within the middle ear cleft associated with irreversible tissue pathology. It may be active with continous suppurative or inactive with sequelae of a "burnt out" infecion. In order to determine the causative agents, aspiration of the middle ear exudate through the open perforation was performed in 88 petients with active chronic otitis media (8-70 years old). 116 isolates were recovered out of which too specimen (95%) were aerobically cultivable and the rest (5%)were negative. The most common isolated bacteria were Staphylococcuc Aureus, Pseudomonas Aeroginosa and other Pseudomonas spp, Enteric gram negative bacilli specially Proteus spp and Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Antibacterial susceptibility tests showed that most of the isolates were resistant to current antibiotics which are recommended in treatment of CoM. 42% of the isolates were able to produce beta-Iactamase enzyme which was that examined by Iodometric method.

Introduction: In routine procedure, education of practical medical bacteriology is not related with job analysis.The aim of this study was designing and performance of practical medical bacteriology education based on job analysis.Methods: This interventional study was performed in second semester in 1388-1389 in the practical course of bacteriology for 40 second-year medical students. The students randomly were divided to two groups (control, case) and education was performed according to routine and new process and evaluated with questionnaire and posttest. Data analysis was done by SPSS.Results: The mean of exam results in case group shows an increase of 8.5% comparing with control group According to questionnaire results all of the students were agree with necessity of change in educational program of practical bacteriology (63 and 91 in case and control group respectively). At the end of course, more than 70% of students in the case group achieved to the aims of the course (this was 9% in control group).Conclusion: The results of this study showed this method cause to more co-operations, interesting, and learning in practical courses. This new procedure is more related with job analysis comparing with routine methods. Students expect to learn issues that are more practical while common teaching methods address basic subjects regardless of the professional needs of students.

Background and objective: Diabetic foot Infection is caused by gram positive and gram negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and most of them are resistant to antibiotics.Material and methods: In this cross sectional study 32 patients with diabetic foot ulcer that referred to Razi hospital were admitted. All patients were evaluated by punch biopsy and samples were sent to microbiology laboratory of medical faculty of Ahvaz Jondishapur medical university for aerobic and anaerobic cultures and determining antibiotic susceptibility pattern.RESULTS: Twenty five samples (78%) had poly-microbial positive cultures (aerobic and anaerobic bacteria).Most of them was multi-drug resistant. conclusion: Foot infection is one of the most important limbs threatening complication of diabetes and due to poly-microbial and antibiotic resistant pattern, surgical intervention most is concerned.

This study aims to investigate the bacteriology of pediatric rhinosinusitis and assess patterns of antibiotic resistance. From July 2014 to October 2022, the study encompassed clinical evaluations of children under 16 years old diagnosed with rhinosinusitis, alongside endoscopic-guided cultures of otitis media, at the National Otorhinolaryngology Hospital of Vietnam. This facilitated the identification of pathogens and subsequent antibiogram assessments. This study involved 420 pediatric patients diagnosed with rhinosinusitis and bacterial cultures identified several prevalent pathogens. Haemophilus influenzae emerged as the most frequently isolated bacterium, accounting for 42.4% of cases, followed by Staphylococcus aureus at 16.9%, and Streptococcus pneumoniae at 14.6%. For Haemophilus influenzae (n=133), a significant resistance was observed against Ampicillin (131 cases, 98.5%). However, the isolates exhibited susceptibility to Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (131 cases, 98.5%), Ciprofloxacin (132 cases, 99.2%), and Piperacillin/Tazobactam (133 cases, 100%). Staphylococcus aureus (n=53) exhibited high resistance rates, particularly against Penicillin (50 cases, 94.3%), Ceftriaxone (49 cases, 92.5%), and Cefotaxime (49 cases, 92.5%). However, the isolates showed notable susceptibility to Vancomycin, Clindamycin, Linezolid, and Doxycycline. Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=46) displayed varying resistance patterns, with remarkable susceptibility to Vancomycin. Complete resistance was observed against Erythromycin (46 cases) and Azithromycin (46 cases). This study underscores the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in pediatric rhinosinusitis cases. The observed antibiotic resistance profiles emphasize the imperative for judicious antibiotic selection, the notable susceptibility of certain isolates was considered to key antibiotics such as Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Ciprofloxacin, and Vancomycin.

Background and Objectives: Mental retardation is a behavioral syndrome, that its cause, mechanism of development, and symptoms differ from individual to individual. This syndrome which is observed in people with mental problems, has an effect on intellectual function, efficiency of patients; as compared with the same age and social groups, in aspects such as social skills, responsibilities, establishing relationship with others, personal routines, independence, and self-sufficiency. These functions may be detoriated or significantly decreased. As a result of the influence of retardation on learning different concepts such as personal hygiene, it is expected that the prevalence of infectious diseases such as urinary tract infections among these people, as compared with peers and homogenous sex groups, would be high. The aim of this study was to investigate the urinary tract infections among mentally retarded children, and to compare their frequency with normal individuals. Materials and Methods: In this study, urine samples of 200 (45% males and 55% females) mentally retarded individuals under the age of 14, which had been under different treatments at private rehabilitation centers, and 60 (30 males, 30 females) normal peers, were examined by microscopy and culture methods for facultative bacteria. Results: The results show the presence of urine infections in 5% of individuals among mentally retarded group, while no positive culture was obtained amongst normal control group. Among isolates, E.coli was the most prevalent organism, detected in 6 (60%) cases; this microorganism was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin, but was resistant to ampicillin. The highest percentage of infections (5.45%) was seen in females and among illiterate families. Conclusion: Prevalence of urinary tract infections amongst mentally retarded group was same as that observed in normal people, but the incidence of these infections was higher (5%) than that found in normal peer and homogenous sex groups (0%).