Multifunctional agriculture (MFA) has emerged as a keyconcept in science and politics with respect to the futureof agriculture and rural development in the recent decade. Overall, MFA implies that in addition to their main function inproduction and support of rural livelihood, the agricultural activitieshave some other advantages for the environmentincluding the conservation of water and soil resources and theenhancement of food security. This paper takes a look at thebenefits of MFA as a concept and path toward agricultural developmentfrom an integrated perspective within the frameworkof sustainable development. Also, it tries to clarify the distinctionbetween MFA and conventional agriculture in sustainable developmentapproaches.

The concept of sustainable development was defined in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland Commission) for which it «meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.» Sustainability is a concept and cannot be measured directly. Appropriate indicators must be selected to determine levels and duration of sustainability. The objective of this study is to evaluate selected criteria and indicators of agricultural sustainability (with emphasis on economics indicators) at the national level. A sustainable agriculture must sustain the economic viability of the farming operation. The 2007 Iran census indicated approximately 20 million or 31 percent of the population live on rural. This paper presents economics factors of agriculture sustainable development for the years 2003 and 2007. It has used four indicators of agriculture productions insurance, Non-farms income, Profit margin and production productivity (product in surface). The sustainability index suggests that Iran agriculture is only slightly sustainable. On the basis of the indicators analyzed above, the Iran agriculture (economics sustainability) tends towards slightly sustainable: insufficient agriculture productions insurance, low income farms, low stability of the indexes of per capita production and low investment rate of return.

Background: The agricultural sector is a crucial component of a nation's economy, playing an indispensable role in its economic development. This sector not only ensures food security but also provides employment opportunities and contributes to rural development. The integration of technology into agriculture is vital for increasing production, enhancing efficiency, and facilitating access to global markets. Recent advances in emerging technologies have led to a significant paradigm shift within the agricultural landscape. This transformation, driven by digital technologies, is increasingly recognized as a flexible and sustainable solution for modernizing agricultural practices. This research aims to investigate technological trends and their functions in the agricultural value chain, ultimately facilitating a successful transition to smart agriculture. By exploring these trends, the study seeks to highlight the potential benefits of adopting innovative technologies in agriculture, including improved productivity, better resource management, and enhanced sustainability. Methods: This research is practical in its objectives and systematic in its approach to data collection. The statistical population includes all English-language articles published in the field of smart agriculture between 2011 and 2022, sourced from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. In the initial phase, 3,257 articles were identified and analyzed using Vos Viewer for scientometric analysis. This software allows for the visualization of scientific data and the mapping of research trends, providing insights into the evolution of the field. Following this analysis, the research question was formulated, and the Prisma approach was applied to refine the selection of articles. Ultimately, 33 articles were chosen for a comprehensive qualitative study. This combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies enables a thorough exploration of the topic, offering both statistical insights and in-depth analyses of the selected literature. Results: In the quantitative section of this research, knowledge maps were utilized to illustrate the growth trend of scientific articles in the field of smart agriculture. This analysis included the identification of key journals, research centers, and active countries contributing to this body of work. Furthermore, the study pinpointed authors with the highest publication outputs and assessed scientific networks to evaluate their influence within the field. The results indicate a growing interest in smart agriculture, reflected in the increasing number of publications and collaborations among researchers. In the qualitative section, the research findings reveal that the Internet of Things (IoT) is the most significant technological domain in the agricultural sector. IoT enables the interconnectivity of devices and systems, facilitating real-time data collection and monitoring, which are essential for informed decision-making in agriculture. Other important technologies identified include artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data analytics, blockchain technology, wireless sensor networks, remote sensing, various types of sensors, cloud computing, fog and edge computing, and low-power wide-area networks. These technologies can be categorized into four primary groups based on their functionalities: data collection, computation and communication, data security and integration, and prediction and classification. Data collection technologies facilitate the gathering of agricultural data from various sources, enabling farmers to make data-driven decisions. Computation and communication tools process and transmit data efficiently, ensuring timely access to critical information. Data security and integration solutions protect sensitive agricultural data while integrating various systems for seamless operation. Prediction and classification technologies assist in forecasting agricultural trends and categorizing data for better management practices. The insights generated from this research are expected to serve as a critical foundation for managers and policymakers. Understanding the current technological landscape will enable them to formulate strategies, policies, and development programs that effectively leverage these innovations to enhance productivity and sustainability in the agricultural sector. Conclusion: Based on the identified trends, it is clear that government intervention is essential for fostering the development of smart agriculture. By adopting strategic measures and creating appropriate frameworks, the government can significantly contribute to this sector's advancement. Key actions include developing technical infrastructure, investing in human capital, supporting research and development initiatives, encouraging smart agricultural practices, providing financial support, and establishing guaranteed markets for agricultural products. These efforts will not only enhance productivity in the agricultural sector but also promote sustainable development, ultimately leading to an improvement in the country's capabilities. The transition to smart agriculture represents a significant opportunity to address the challenges faced by the agricultural sector, including climate change, resource scarcity, and the need for increased food production. By embracing technological advancements and fostering an environment conducive to innovation, nations can ensure the long-term viability and competitiveness of their agricultural industries. In summary, the findings of this study underscore the importance of technological integration within the agricultural value chain. As the sector continues to evolve, stakeholders must remain vigilant and adaptive to emerging trends, ensuring that they harness the full potential of technology to drive growth and sustainability. Future research should continue to explore the impacts of these technologies on agricultural practices and investigate additional strategies for enhancing their adoption across diverse agricultural contexts. This comprehensive approach will not only benefit individual farmers but also contribute to the broader economic and social well-being of communities, ultimately paving the way for a more resilient and sustainable agricultural future.

In many of developing countries, a great share of imports includes intermediate and investment goods as production factors. As such imports are financed by export income; inconstancy of export income causes imports of such product factors to reduce so that economic growth decreases. Price change and fluctuation lead to macroeconomics changes that are demonstrated in GDP inconstancy and lead to gap between potential and effective advantages arising from international specialization.In this study, inconstancy of export income in agricultural sector of Iran during 1959-2006 and its effect on the growth of this sector and export supply of agricultural products are investigated. Results show that maximum fluctuation in agriculture export took place in the first and second development plan when government started adjustment policies in the beginning of 1990s. If agricultural export inconstancy increases one percent the growth of agricultural sector will decrease 0.18 percent so it’s essential to recognize the factors of inconstancy and to use approaches to decrease it. Estimation of agricultural export supply model demonstrates that each unit increase 2 in agriculture products will cause 0.3 unit increase in the export of this sector. Moreover, each unit decrease in the value of national currency will cause 1.6 unit increases in the export of agricultural sector. Therefore it should be considered in adopting exchange policies. Long-term equilibrium relationship between agricultural export function reveals that export instability, have a positive effect on agricultural exports and can be said that because during almost every years, the amounts of sector export earnings instability, are positive, manufacturers and exporters consider it permanent.

In general, insurance is a form of risk management used to hedge against a contingent loss. agriculture insurance is a special line of property insurance applied to agricultural firms. As well as agriculture insurance is one of the most efficient ways of managing the risks inherent to farming. Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals-environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. agriculture insurance is one of sustainable agriculture economics dimension. The aim of the study is to analyze agriculture insurance of Iran. The report starts with the description of sustainable development definition and Sustainable agriculture indexes. Than evaluate the performance of agriculture insurance deals during 2006-2007. Gardens and farms are highly vulnerable, because are low water resources and Iran is located on the desert region.The findings of this study show that implementation of agriculture insurance, risk of operating in this sector has reduced somewhat. Also a performed calculation shows that the farmers funds received has been able to produce only 10 percent of the product cost. Other results show that only 12 percent of the garden farm country s has been subject to insurance. So Iran agriculture is less stable in terms of agriculture insurance.

The objective of this study is to analyze statistically the relationship between governance indicators and agriculture performance, and the quality of institutional interactions between farmers and government in 8 selected countries, including Iran, during the period1996-2006 with especial emphasis on analyzing the trend of some economic policies of agricultural sector in Iran. In general, the results indicated that those countries with higher level of governance have utilized traditional and modern inputs more optimally. In fact, statistical results showed a considerable gap between labor productivity and performance per hectare in countries with different levels of governance. Concentrating on the trend analysis of agricultural sector showed that weakness of governance institutions particularly the participation of people institutions, the quality of regulations, and regulation of legal relations were among the effective factors that impede the achievement of development and significant efficiency in agricultural sector.

Those who give their wealth for the satisfaction of God and his mental stability are like to the garden that is located on the stack. If fall rains thoroughly, its fruit will double and little rain is sufficient for it and Allah has knowledge of all the things you (Baghareh, 265). Because of Iran is mountainous and rugged and rainfall is Sporadic, Waste about 56% of rainfall Because of traditional irrigation. Iran's climate and topography, Is suitable for the development of gardens. Because of importance of providing water for fruit trees and limited water, are important, in Dryland systems using methods that exploit the maximum available rainfall naturally, are very important. Because there is limited rainfall and irrigation in dryland, one of the critical points in the garden management, is keep increasing of Soils water uptake. Therefore, the main purpose is to manage rainfall in this way, is evapotranspiration loss and increasing efficiency of water uptake by plant. More Scientific references in our country are books that translated from universities in Europe and America that Have a different climate conditions with our country. And not considering this issue has much damaged to agriculture industry of Iran. Whereas according to the Goran, as a universal reference and always updated, can reduce problem of sustainable agriculture. For example, according to the Quran can be established dry garden in steep places, with selecting the correct location cultivation, selection of species resistant or tolerant and drought (Olives, Figs, Grapes and Dried Fruits) and the optimum use of rainwater.