In this paper, a new histogram-based method is introduced to make object detectors resistant to hostile attacks. In the following, this method was applied to two object detector models, YOLOV5 and FRCNN, and in this way, two models resistant to attacks were introduced. In order to verify the performance of the mentioned models, we performed the adversarial training process of these models with three targeted attacks TOG-vanishing, TOG-mislabeling, and TOG-fabrication and one untargeted attack, DAG. We have checked the efficiency of the introduced models on two data sets MSCOCO and PASCAL VOC, which are among the most famous data sets in the field of object recognition. The results show that this method, in addition to improving the adversarial accuracy, also improves the clean accuracy of the object detector models to some extent. The average clean accuracy of the YOLOv5-n model for the PASCAL VOC dataset, if adversarial attacks are applied to it, in the case where no defense method is applied, is 85.5%, and in the case where the histogram method is applied, the average accuracy is equal to with 87.36%. In the YOLOv5-n model, according to the results, the best adversarial accuracy of this model, which has increased compared to other models, is in TOG-vanishing and TOG-fabrication attacks, which are 48% and 52.36%, respectively.

Background: Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cancer-related cause of death in women worldwide and is often diagnosed at advanced stages. Regarding the low sensitivity and specificity of the currently available diagnostic techniques, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of RMI and ROMA indexes and comparing these two indexes with CA-125 and HE4 parameters for the diagnosis and differentiation between benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Also, we determined the optimal cut-off level of these markers in patients who attended Arash Women’ s Hospital. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we included 137 women with ovarian mass who were attended the gynecology clinic of Arash Womenchr('39')s Hospital, Tehran, Iran (April 2017-April 2019), and were eligible according to the inclusion criteria. We included patients with an adnexal mass over 3 cm. Our exclusion criteria were as the following: pregnancy, age under 18 and over 90 years, taking hormonal agents, renal failure, suspected ovarian torsion, ovarian cancer and taking antibiotics, nitric oxide compounds, and heavy metals. Based on serum CA125, HE4, and ultrasound findings, ROMA and RMI indexes were determined for each patient, and the sensitivity and specificity of HE4, RMI, ROMA, and CA125 were compared with the result of the operative histopathologic assessment. Results: According to the area under the ROC curve, regardless of the patientschr('39') menopausal status, the highest diagnostic value was dedicated to RMI with 89% under the curve area and 95% confidence interval (81. 6-96. 4%). Diagnostic values of other markers were as the following: 87. 7%(95%CI=80. 3-95%) for HE4, 87. 3(95%CI=79. 1-95. 4%) for CA125, and 86. 2%(95%CI=78. 7-93. 6%) for ROMA. In terms of menopausal status, HE4 had the highest diagnostic value in premenopausal patients, while in the menopausal group CA125 had the highest diagnostic value. Conclusion: Measurement of HE4 before menopause and CA125 during menopause seems to be helpful in the early detection of ovarian cancers in women with ovarian masses.

Background and Objective: Intraoperative consultation by frozen section is a high – risk procedure with important consequences. Therefore, it is critical to determine efficiency of frozen section performance periodically. This study was performed to determine the accuracy of frozen section in Urmia University of Medical Sciences.Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional study, we compared the results of 200 consecutive cases of frozen sections with theirfinal permanent section diagnoses in teaching hospitals of Urmia University of Medical Sciences during March 2001 to March 2008.Results: A total of 155 neoplastic and 45 nonneoplastic specimens were studied. The overall accuracy of frozen sections was 96.5%. In diagnosis of neoplastic lesions, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were 93.1%, 97.7%, 96%, 95% and 95.9%, respectively.Conclusion: In this university interpretation of frozen sections is done with high accuracy and is valuable to help surgeons to plan the best management of the operation.

Objective: Meta-comprehension is an important factor in improving students' performance; however, many students have problems in meta-comprehension and regulating their learning.This study aimed to investigate the effect of summarizing on meta-comprehension accuracy and regulation accuracy in students.Method: The research method was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with an unequal control group. The statistical population was male students in the sixth grade of Tehran. 36 students were selected by available sampling method and assigned into control and experimental groups, randomly. In the pretest, after studying the text, the participants predicted their score in the exam and identified the paragraphs that need to be read again. Then, an exam was taken from the text to determine the accuracy of their predictions. In the post-test, the procedure was the same, except that the experimental group summarized the text, after studying the text, but the control group only studied the text.Findings: The results showed that the accuracy of monitoring and regulation in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group in the post-test (p<0/01).Conclusion: It seems that presenting diagnostic cues in the form of producing an activity, by engaging the students in the monitoring process, makes realistic students' judgment of their comprehension and improves the regulation process in them.

Inner experiences and personal intuitions are not weaker than external experiences with regard to their existential grades and certitudity. Hence, one should not underestimate the significance of reality of inner senses and inwardly experiences.Although the world has layers, it enjoys unity. The layers of man’s existence enjoy similar nature and level with those of the universe. Man’s soul is abstract and does not have any temporal or spatial limitation for connecting to the known. What is necessary for realization of metaphysics and supernatural is extraction from the body and material world as well as attention to celestial world.Connection to the world of unseen is another term for this attention. The mystical wayfaring too is the very attention to the sacred world. The mystical ways such as self purification, seclusion, rejection of carnal desires and remembrance of God all in all pave the way for this attention.Corporal, mental and spiritual moderation, self purification, purification of heart, and adjustment with rational forms as mentioned in the Protected Book are among the existential causes of accurate mystical intuitions.Certitude, reason, compliance with the religious texts, compliance with religious commandments, consensus of mystics and experiment and experience are among the criteria that can distinguish accurate from inaccurate perceptions.

In the recent years, advances in different fields of technology have been resulted in a dramatic increase in the diagnostic methods and tests in different branches of clinical medicine with a consequent increase in the number of scientific publications related to the application of those tests and methods in the diagnosis or prevention of diseases.Dermatology is not an exception. Since, evidence-based medicine emphasizes on the appropriate use of the current best clinical research evidence in the diagnosis or treatment of each individual patient acknowledging his/her values, the capability of dermatologists in appraisal and application of the publications, which reports the results of diagnostic test accuracy studies cannot be ignored. In this article, after a brief review on basic issues in diagnostic test accuracy studies, principles of critical appraisal of these studies, from an evidence-based viewpoint, will be discussed. General strategies for evaluation of validity, applicability and quality assessment of a diagnostic test study will be provided.