Having offered a list of fundamental rights and freedoms, in this article I have argued in favor of their universalism v. their absoluteness. Making a justified distinction between two ideas of universalism and obsolutism and then advocating the idea of universality of certain morally restricted rights and freedoms against the idea of cultural relativism are the main achievements of this article. Also by distinguishing between macro and micro rights, I have attempted to justify sort of cultural pluralism in interaction with the idea of universalism. Offering a justified solution to solve the problem of the conflict of rights is another issue touched by the writer to define scope of certain universal rights and freedoms.

Relativism, absolutism, and objectivity are among the most discussed concepts in the history of philosophy, in general, and in philosophy of science, in particular. The present paper starts with a preface before introducing these concepts from various viewpoints and providing their various definitions. It shows that the scope of relativism is very expansive and may consist of up to 1,000 derivatives which may leave their unconscious impact on researcher. The paper also discusses objectivity (as opposed to relativism and somehow to absolutism) to show that this is a heritage of Newtonian – Descartian school of thought which has been overtaken by new philosophical tendencies. In conclusion, the paper gives examples of absolutism and relativism.

Ibn Sina in the final section of his book, Esharat, in contrast to his traditional peripatetical approach, has a different view about soul and its potentials. The analysis of this issue and other possible evidence show that he regards soul as an active and strengthening element in both cognitive and existential domains. His excellent view is the combination of both existential and cognitive aspects of soul, and the consideration of its strengthening process as the cognitive path to perfection. The present study first emphasizes on this particular viewpoint and investigates that his approach towards rejecting the knowledge of essence and considering self evidence has not been his final position. Then the quality of absolute cognitivism for the soul in the cognitive domain of Sinavi's philosophy is clarified.

Moral absolutism in the philosophy of ethics is a point of view which is in opposition to moral relativism. The school is founded on realism and objectivism. Muslim thinkers have often been in agreement with the view. This study aims at indicating the fact that, regarding ethics, Qazi Abd Al-Jabbar Mo'tazeli belives in absolutism and he has not accepted any types of relativism. He just believes in a weak version of cultural relativism. His strategy for contradiction in moral absolute rules is also analyzed in the study.

There is a time allowed for appealing against the arbitrator award (20 days or two months as the case maybe). If this deadline did not respect, the court would issue an order rejecting the petitioner that as specified (As stated) in Article 492 Code of Civil Procedure is certain. Therefore, there is no way for the plaintiffs to challenge the court order! This result, in some cases, is clearly unfair and causes the loss of rights. Thus, a path should be opened for its logical interpretation. As regard that sometimes are seen some obvious mistakes in Arbitrator’ s award and Sometimes the first courts make a mistake in calculation of term and deadline of the protest and also in the other words There should be a way to control the decisions of arbitrator, and the court, and the current state of Article 492 of the mentioned law certainly has irrational and unjust consequences. Attentively, the principles of arbitration and the rules related to legal deadlines, consequently the present article tries to show the main purpose of the legislature and the scope of the mentioned article with a view to judicial decisions. It should be said that despite the appearance of this article, its application is not referable.

allameh Tabataba’i planned (aimed) to prove a type of fixed (absolute) and unchanging perceptions during the passing of time that in the light of them, he was able to provide preparations for the defense of philosophy, religion and ethic against materialists. The examination of contingent perceptions and knowledge to their epistemological requirements not only prevents the fallacies but also creates a great effects on the realm of active intellect perceptions specially in the field of moral science. In the theory of contingency in the theoretical issue (discussion), he has presented the origin of necessities and prohibitions and the mechanism of imaginary validation in the practical position and has proved a kind of relationship between the nature and natural feelings of conscious beings and contingent perceptions. This relation according to the view of some persons (without proof) cannot make the ethical principles be fixed and absolute during the flow of time and environmental changes but it causes the moral propositions involved relativity and instability. This note tries with a careful study to determine the activity of the system of the imagine validation and the quality of its relation to necessities and natural feelings, the circumstance of the birth of the ethical propositions from the human contingents and it also tries to study the absolutism or relativism of the principles of these propositions.

There is a huge ambiguity about Khyayyam’s poems, thoughts and personalities in comparison with other poets in Persian literature. Attributing some incompatible pomes to him increases this ambiguity. Because of the close relationship that Khayyam had with the court and the government, he was well aware of the issues and problems which deprived the society from the public stability. The society in which Khayyam lived was the area of conflict and controversy of fanatics who rely on their opinions and they were followed by the acquisition of authority. In fact, the moral rules of society were based on the belief that the results were just arbitrary. Therefore, he used his quatrains as a manifest for his moral school and if we compare this school with the recent ones, we can find many similarities with the school of "originality of benefit". In his moral school, good or bad depend on its outcomes and how much enjoy they would bring. Khayyam was well aware of the importance and benefits of individual freedom in the progress of the society. Therefore, in his Rubaiyat, he was in search of breaking intellectual rigor atmosphere that had prevailed in society and tried to foster the tolerance spirit.

Purpose: Absolutism is rooted in naturalistic thinking and absolutists believe that certain principles and concepts are fixed in different cultures. The self-esteem and differentiation can impact on the beliefs of absolutism in order to educational cultural pathology of adolescents, therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of modeling self-esteem and differentiation with the mediation of responsibility on absolutism in order to educational cultural pathology of adolescents.Methodology: The current research was descriptive from type of correlation. The research population was secondary high school students of Tehran, which 385 people of them were selected as a sample by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research tools were researcher-made questionnaires of self-esteem, differentiation, responsibility and absolutism, which their face validity was confirmed by experts' opinion and their reliability was obtained above 0.80 by Cronbach's alpha method. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling in SPSS and AMOS software.Findings: The findings showed that the model of self-esteem and differentiation with the mediation of responsibility on absolutism had a good fit. In the mentioned model, self-esteem and differentiation had a direct and significant effect on responsibility, self-esteem, differentiation and responsibility had a direct and significant effect on absolutism, and self-esteem and differentiation with the mediation of responsibility had an indirect and significant effect on absolutism (P<0.05).Conclusion: The results indicated the effective role of self-esteem and differentiation with the mediation of responsibility on absolutism. Therefore, planners and specialists of adolescent educational cultural activities in order to reduce absolutism can seek to design and implement programs to improve self-esteem, differentiation and responsibility.

The existence of antinomic currents within the paradigm of modern law, can lead to the crisis and passing that as well. Bruno Oppetit, considers the formation of European law, the elevation of the place of the custom being source, and the elevation of the role of the judges in the legal order, as influencing factors of the legal relativism. He believes that relativism or pluralism is at odds with modern law. However, the theoretical framework of the modern law of Oppetit is only the substantial legal positivism. In rejecting this theoretical framework and insisting on the fact that modern law must be explained, either in the context of metaphysical rationality or within the framework of spontaneous social rationality, this article aims to answer a this question: Are the factors set out by Bruno Oppetit is contradicted to modern law? Or have they come to the resurgence of this Law, after a period of dominance of legal positivism?

Since proverbs are based on the life experiences of people, by studying them we can reconsider the social, cultural, and political structure of these ethnic groups. The political structure of Iran until constitutionalism is characterized by despotism, in which the king was on top of the pyramid of power and people were his slaves at the bottom. Despotic power, popularity of deterministic ideas, lack of intellectuality and philosophy in society, allegiance to the power relations, and lack of individualism are examples that during the history have formed proverbs and words that have damaged the foundation of any kind of intellectuality, social movement, and progress. Proverbs as a representative of human thought and the most important role model for common people’s life have formed a considerable portion of Iranian’s language and culture. The purpose of this article is to analyze the background that has played a role in people’s yielding to despotism as is manifested in proverbs. It is concluded that despotism has cultural backgrounds rather than being the result of authority exercise and over the history has formed people’s language and thought.