late 2019, covid-19 was initiated in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) due to a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 or SARS-CoV-2). Covid-19 not only has claimed four million lives and influenced millions of people but also has confined the movement of the population in most of the world. Until now, covid-19 is the leading challenge in terms of economic, health, and humanitarian in the 21 century. Various animal infections of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported (dog, cat, tiger, lion, and mink) along with the significant covid-19 cases, deaths, and hospitalizations in humans. Therefore, this increased the concern of pet keepers. Furthermore, further explanation is required for the disease dynamics, mainly regarding the human-animal transmission of the virus and vice versa. Thus, this study ҆, s is to collect data from reported cases of covid-19 transmission in animals by reviewing published articles. Despite the numerous SARS-CoV-2 transmission instances, further and cautious studies are essential for avoiding the maltreatment incidence in animals. Hence, a better comprehension is obtained of the disease dynamics in the environment, animals, and humans. This article lists corona reports in various animals. More studies on the animal-human interface can be effective in formulating and implementing preventive measures for combating the further covid-19 transmission.

Climate change is the twenty-first century's most significant threat to human health. Human activity has led to a gradual increase in greenhouse gas concentrations, resulting in global warming and other related hazards. Climate change is significantly impacting ecosystems and biodiversity, leading to a potential increase in zoonotic diseases. Zoonoses are infectious diseases that are transmitted among animals and humans. Vector-borne, foodborne, and waterborne diseases are major infectious diseases associated with climate change. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns influence the survival, reproduction, and activity of disease-carrying vectors like mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. Variations in climate can affect the spread of diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, and rodent-borne illnesses like leptospirosis, bartonellosis, plague, and hantavirus infections. Climate change can also impact waterborne illnesses by altering water quality and increasing the risk of contamination during natural disasters. Additionally, higher temperatures and increased humidity can cause transmission of airborne zoonotic diseases, such as aspergillosis, tuberculosis, and influenza. The evolving climate may also contribute to the development of resistance in disease-causing microorganisms, making treatment more challenging. Human behavior influenced by climate change, such as changes in agricultural practices and land use, can indirectly affect disease transmission by altering vector habitats and human-animal interactions. Overall, the complex interplay between climate change, ecological factors, and human behavior underscores the need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate the risks posed by zoonotic diseases and protect public health.

Based on the last issue of the World Health Organization (WHO), 6027 monkeypox cases have been laboratory confi, rmed in 59 countries with up to 3000 of cases in 2022 summer, 98% of the person were gay or bisexual men among them 41% had human immunodefi, cency virus (HIV). Africa, as an endemic region for monkeypox, has reported three mortalities. No death has been reported from the virus in the United States and other parts of the world. Monkeypox stands for a probable public health problem requiring appropriate attention for the prevention of an outbreak (1)...