The present article is to analyze the history of the two Dutch companies were activate in the field of import and export. One of them is Hotz & Zoon that we would offer its managers’ biographies alongside many of their original initiatives the Iranian further developments owe them. Then, the history of Iran’s first real department-store (the Teheran Toko) as well as three Dutch retailers that sold European goods to wealthy Iranians. Finally, three of unique photos of Teheran Toko have been published for the first time.

Proper storage conditions for pharmaceutical products and paramedical supplies are crucial to maintaining their quality, safety, and efficacy. Poor warehouse management practice may lead to wastage or blockade of financial resources, irrational utilization of drugs, shortage, or overage of essential medicines among many others. The current study aimed to assess the warehouse management practice of private pharmaceutical wholesalers in Gondar, Ethiopia. The study utilized an institution-based cross-sectional study method. The data was collected using a checklist adapted from the Logistics Indicators Assessment Tool (LIAT) developed by the USAID | DELIVER PROJECT and was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive analysis was conducted and results were presented using tables and figures. A total of five pharmaceutical wholesalers were surveyed. All of the surveyed entities were managing both medicines as well as other medical supplies, and they were supplying their products to both public and private health facilities. The majority of the facilities 4(80%) reported that they were using the Professional Electronic Data System (PEDS) for the management of pharmaceutical products in the warehouse. The overall put away/ storage performance of the facilities was 68. 75%, which can be regarded as poor (<80%). All of the facilities lack sufficient product handling equipment for unloading and moving the incoming goods. In conclusion, the overall warehouse management practice at the private pharmaceutical wholesalers was found to be poor. Shortage of product handling equipment and inadequate layout of the warehouses were the two most common problem areas identified that need major improvement.

The purpose of theis study was to analyze the factors influencing the tomato's marketing problems in Shushtar and Dezful Townships, Khuzestan province. Moreover, values of wholesale and retail marketing margins as well as share of marketing agents in total margin, marketing cost coefficient, technical, price and total efficiency are computed. The marketing margin function based on mark up, relative margin and marketing cost models have been estimated. Required data are gathered using documentary and survey methods.By random sampling and questionnaire was completed by 50 producers, 40 wholesalers and 36 retailers. The main findings revealed that the average price of sample producers is 870 Rial, while same figure for wholesalers and retailers is 2120 and 5210 Rial, respectively. Share of producers, wholesalers and retailers in final price is 16.69, 24 and 59.30 per cent, respectively. The highest efficiency at retail level refers to the price efficiency which is 90.8 percent then is total efficiency (77.65 percent) and technical efficiency (86.87 percent). The estimated marketing margin functions show the positive relation between marketing margin and retail price.

In this study, through documents and statistics of 2001 to 2005, orange domestic market in north is inspected via marketing criteria. The results indicate high proportion of brokers in purchasing the product, low proportion of the final price for the producer, high coefficient of marketing expenditure, high proportion of wholesale and raise of wholesale margin, high profit of marketing process of wholesalers, high proportion of marketing expenditure for producer and the obvious role of wholesalers in market deficiency. So change in marketing system of orange with support and cooperation of gardener, founding equipped marketing service centers, developing processing industries, market adjustment through storing and applying seasonal tariffs are emphasized.

Purpose This article aims to develop an integrated production-inventory-vehicle routing model for deteriorating products in a green supply chain considering environmental impacts. The objective is to maximize the profit of selling products considering the costs of production, setup, inventory holding, distribution, vehicle routing, transportation, fuel, and environmental pollutants. Design/methodology/approach Intending to integrate the supply chain policies, the developed model aims to maximize the total profit of producers and wholesalers in a horizontal collaboration. The model is formulated to mixed-integer linear programming (MILP). A set of deteriorating products with a shelf life is assumed. The quality of the products decreases over time, and therefore, there is a fixed deterioration rate in each period. A discounting policy is considered for producers and wholesalers. The model is coded using IBM ILOG CPLEX. Three examples with different dimensions are solved in two centralized and decentralized versions. The sensitivity of demand and holding cost parameters are analyzed. Findings The solving results of the model in both centralized and decentralized cases underlined increasing profits by integrating the supply chain decisions. By comparing the model’, s solving results in both centralized and decentralized cases, the sales revenue of the wholesalers in the decentralized case increased by more than 30% in all three samples when a price discount was possible. However, the revenue from the wholesalers' regular sales was more concentrated than those of decentralized case. Compared to the decentralized case, the manufacturers' revenues from discounted and regular sales in the centralized case also increased by more than 10% and 70%, respectively. Research limitations/implications Although the demand and many other parameters such as cost and production rate are affected by many exogenous factors, and hence, are not deterministic in reality, demand was assumed deterministic. The problem was solved for small and medium-size samples. In real cases, the development of appropriate algorithms for solving large size samples is recommended. Practical implications The basis of the proposed model is a study on a group of agricultural products from production to distribution, which can be applied for a real case study. This research influences business and the economy. It also proposes a model to build an effective collaboration between manufacturers and wholesalers to increase profitability. Social implications This research tries to integrate decision-making in a supply chain and improve profitability. As a result, business improves and customer satisfaction increases. The model considers the waste of the deteriorating products, i. e. the destructive waste effects on the environment. Fuel consumption as a factor that harms the environment and depletes nonrenewable resources is also recognized. Moreover, possible price discounting can lead to profit increase, waste decrease, and satisfaction of economic or low-income customers. Considering the mentioned factors are substantial in a sustainable supply chain. Originality/value This paper presents a mathematical model (MILP) for a supply chain of deteriorating items such as agricultural products. Due to the existing unequal and disproportionate volume of deteriorating products transporting between producers and wholesalers, the transportation fleet is considered heterogeneous. The possibility of a price discount policy is assumed to increase the demand level and total profit and decrease overall waste. Environmental considerations in the form of a reduction in fuel consumption and pollutants in routing are also recognized. The centralized and decentralized cases were also compared.

A supply chain is a series of units that transforms raw materials into finished products and services and delivers the products to customers. Recently, one of the important subjects that in supply chain systems management has been considered is titled pricing products. The subject of pricing products produced has more importance, when it is considered along with inventories management and control and order planning problems. This paper with considering to this importance, with proposing a method to model and solve pricing and inventories management problem in tri-echelon supply chains of producer, wholesalers and retailers, first, estimates the objective functions of cost in wholesalers’ level and profit in retailers’ level by response surface methodology (RSM) and simulation and then solves the obtained non-linear model based on bi-level programming by genetic algorithm (GA). The performance of the proposed method in solving a case problem, confirms attainment to simultaneous results of optimal sale price and order planning corresponding with historical data.

One of the important factors that prevent the achievement of agricultural development goals and increase the production and income of farmers in developing countries is the inefficiency of the agricultural distribution system. Saffron as one of the most important products of the country is affected by this inefficiency. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to design the optimal method of saffron distribution using the multi-choice goal programing model. In order to achieve this goal, the required statistics and information were completed by completing 352 questionnaires in the producers section, 40 questionnaires in the wholesalers section and 150 questionnaires in the retails section by random sampling method available for Torbat Heydariyeh city (as one of the most important production centers of this product) was collected. The results of model optimization showed that 64% of the farmers under study transfer less than 10 kg of saffron to the warehouse. 32% of farmers transferred between 10-50 kg and only 4% of them transferred more than 50 kg of saffron to a warehouse. 62% of wholesalers received less than 100 kg of saffron and the remaining 38% received more than 100 kg of saffron from the warehouse. Also, 20% of wholesalers transferred less than 20 kg of saffron, 52% of them transferred between 20-40 kg of saffron and 28% of them more than 40 kg of saffron transferred to retailers. According to the optimal output of the model, the average rate of saffron transfer from retailers to Kadkan, Jolgeh Rokh, Baig and central part of Torbat Heydariyeh is equal to 0. 88, 0. 34, 0. 87 and 32. 76 kg, respectively. Also, the results of model optimization with three distribution channels showed that distribution channel No. 2 (farmer-retailer-consumer) was selected as the optimal channel with the lowest cost.