metacognition related to online gaming. The purpose of this study is to determine the psychometric properties of the online meta-cognition scale (MOG).251 students of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, selected by multistage cluster sampling, were included in the Internet addiction inventory and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to verify the validity of this scale.Confirmatory factor analysis and hierarchical regression were used to determine its validity. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the existence of three main factors, including meta-cognition about the UNCONTROLLABILITY of online games, the negative metacognition of online gambling threats and the positive meta-cognition of the usefulness of online games. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for positive metacognition.0.89 and for negative metacognition about the UNCONTROLLABILITY of the online game 0.84 and for the meta-cognitive negativity related to the dangers of online games 0.77 and for the whole test was 0.85. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor model for this questionnaire has an acceptable fit. Also, hierarchical regression analysis showed that the online gaming scale had an acceptable predictive validity to predict Internet addiction scores. Regarding the validity and reliability of this study, online gaming scales are a tool that can be used to measure the online metacognitive skills used by researchers, researchers and practitioners of education and research.

Introduction: Metacognition is a multi-dimensional concept including knowledge, processes, and strategies for appraisal, monitoring, and control of cognition. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between general health and metacognitive beliefs in students.Materials and Methods: One hundred students (44 males and 56 females) were selected from faculty of psychology of Karaj Islamic Azad University using cluster-random sampling.All of the subjects were asked to answer demographic questions and the general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) as well as Wells and Cartwright metacognitive questionnaire. The data were analyzed by multivariate regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.Results: Research findings showed significant positive relationships between metacognitive beliefs and general health. In other words, individuals with higher scores in metacognitive scale revealed worse general health status. There was also a significant relationship between total scores of both scales and scores on UNCONTROLLABILITY, positive beliefs, cognitive confidence and need to control thoughts (P<0.001); however, no significant relationship was seen between those and cognitive self-consciousness score. A person’s score on metacognitive UNCONTROLLABILITY variable is the best predictor of his or her general health status.Conclusion: Metacognitive beliefs are effective factors in general health. Also, it is possible to promote students’ mental health by changing metacognition beliefs which enhance maladaptive and negative thinking styles or general negative beliefs.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between metcognitive belief and thought control strategies with trait anxiety. A sample of 226 students (105 males, 121 females) from Tarbiat Moallem University completed Metcognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30), The Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The results showed that metcognitive beliefs and thought control strategies were positively correlated with trait anxiety.  Among the subscales of metcognitive beliefs, negative beliefs about UNCONTROLLABILITY and danger, cognitive confidence and need to control of thoughts were significantly correlated with trait anxiety. There was a positive relationship between thought control strategies of distraction, punishment, reappraisal, and worry and trait anxiety. In regression analyses negative beliefs about UNCONTROLLABILITY and danger, cognitive confidence, distraction and reappraisal emerged as the strongest predictors of trait anxiety and explained 51 percent of variance of it. Results of this study support the metcognitive model of anxiety. metcognitive variables of UNCONTROLLABILITY and danger and cognitive confidence and thought control through distraction and reappraisal are positively associated with trait anxiety. Therefore modification of negative metcognitive beliefs and maladaptive strategies to control of unwanted thoughts and emotions can be useful in treatment of anxiety.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of meta-cognitive beliefs with social anxiety symptoms in non-clinical population. The sample consisted of 300 (166 females and 134 males) Ilam University students who selected by cluster sampling method. The participants completed the Meta-Cognations Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) and Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). The results showed that meta-cognitive beliefs were positively correlated with social anxiety symptoms (P<0.05). Also, the results of regression analysis of MCQ-30 subscales showed that UNCONTROLLABILITY danger and cognitive self– consciousness are predictors of avoidance, negative beliefs about UNCONTROLLABILITY of thought and danger are predictors of fear, negative beliefs about UNCONTROLLABILITY of thought and danger and positive beliefs about worry and cognitive security are predictors of physiological arousal. These were the significant predictors of social anxiety symptoms (P≤0.05). Results of this study support the metacognitive Wells and Matthew’s model of social anxiety and indicate that meta-cognitive beliefs have an important role in social anxiety symptoms. Therefore, the modification of metacognitive beliefs with regard to the importance of their role in avoidance, fear and physiological arousal, can be a preventative factor in intensification and continuity of social anxiety symptoms.

Objectives: The present study was carried out with the aim of assessing the prediction of procrastination using meta-cognitive beliefs.Method: 199 students (126 female and 73 male) from different schools of Shiraz University were selected using random cluster-multistage sampling, and completed the Meta-cognition Questionnaire-30, General Procrastination Scale and Decisional Procrastination Scale. Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression method.Results: The results showed that UNCONTROLLABILITY and danger (p<0.001), cognitive confidence (p<0.01), and cognitive self-consciousness (p<0.001) of meta-cognition beliefs could predict behavioral procrastination. Also, UNCONTROLLABILITY and danger (p<0.001), and cognitive self-consciousness (p<0.001) of meta-cognition beliefs could predict decisional procrastination.Conclusion: Self- regulatory executive function model is useful in the prediction of procrastination in behavior and decision making as emotional-behavioral disorders.

Objective: Previous studies have suggested that anxiety disorders are more prevalent among women than men. The purpose of this study was to compare the metacognitive perspective of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) in females with males.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on the high school girls and boys who have been affected by GAD. The sample consisted of 100 high school students (50 boys and 50 girls) selected by Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GADS) and semi-structured interview. They filled the Metacognitive Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ), and Anxiety Thoughts Inventory (AnTI).Results: Significant differences were observed between girls and boys in anxiety thoughts (health anxiety, social anxiety, and meta-worry). Anxiety thoughts affect girls more than boys; they have more metacognitive beliefs about UNCONTROLLABILITY of worry and believe that worry must be avoided. On the other hand, positive beliefs in worry are more common in girls and punishment and meta-worry are being implemented as control strategies in girls more than boys.Conclusion: Metacognitive beliefs in UNCONTROLLABILITY, advantages and avoidance of worry may contribute to the higher prevalence of anxiety in females than males.

this study aim to compare metacognition beliefs and rumination between students with normal and morbid levels of worry. Two hundred and fifty students were selected using multistage clustering sampling. The participants completed the Metacognition Beliefs (Wells, 2000), the Rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991) and the Pennsylvania Worry (Meyer, Miller, Metzger & Borkovec, 1990) Questionnaires. Participants were divided into two groups, one with normal level of worry (n=125) and the other with morbid level of worry (n=125) on the basis of their scores on the Pennsylvania Worry Questionnaire.The results of analysis of variance indicated that the group with morbid level of worry had higher scores than the group with normal level worry on the components of metacognition beliefs (positive beliefs about worry, UNCONTROLLABILITY and risk, cognitive confidence and need to control the thoughts). There was no significant difference between the two groups in cognitive self knowledge belief. The group with the normal level of worry had higher scores on rumination components (to be lost in thought, distraction and deep thought) than the group with the morbid level of worry. In sum, the findings suggested that among component of metacognition only UNCONTROLLABILITY and risk predicted pathological worry.

Objectives: This research was conducted with the aim of explaining the dysfunctional attitudes of hospitalized cardiovascular patients through dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs.Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Shariati Hospital in Isfahan, Iran, in 2012. The statistical population was the hospitalized cardiovascular patients of Shariati Hospital in Isfahan.Out of them, 87 patients were selected using simple random sampling method. Research instruments were the dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs questionnaire (Cartwright-Hatton and Wells) and dysfunctional attitudes scale (Wiseman and Beck). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 through performing multiple regression analysis and the Pearson correlation coefficient.Results: The results of regression analysis revealed that “need to control thoughts” has significant predictive power for the “others’ satisfaction” (P<0.05); positive beliefs about “worry” and “worry UNCONTROLLABILITY” have significant predictive power for the “concentration on self” (P<0.05); positive beliefs about worry have significant predictive power for the “perfectionism” (P<0.01); “worry UNCONTROLLABILITY” and “cognitive confidence” have significant predictive power for the “need for others’ confirmation” (P<0.01); and positive beliefs about “worry” have significant predictive power for the “concentration on success” (P<0.05).Conclusion: Findings of this research revealed that dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs have predictive power for dysfunctional attitudes, which may affect health of cardiovascular patients.

Background and Aim: Social anxiety is one of the most common emotional issues that influence life of different groups, especially young peoples. Definitely choose treatment strategies and interventions to address social anxiety require identifying the important variables in the formation of this type of anxiety. So the aim of this study was prediction of social anxiety by cognitive emotion regulation and emotional schema.Materials and Methods: The Statistical population was students of Kharazmi University.The sample includes 130 student were selected by multistage clustering method. Social Phobia Questionnaire (SPIN) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation-P-Short (CERQ-P-Short), and Leahy emotional schema scale (LESS) were completed by participants. For data analysis, descriptive statistic mean, standard deviation, inferential statistic regression analysis, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and stepwise regression were used.Results: Results didn’t show significant difference in social anxiety and its subscales in boys and girls students. Furthermore two components of cognitive emotion regulation, catastrophizing and reconcentration on planning significantly predict the total social anxiety score. However emotional schema of UNCONTROLLABILITY could significantly predict the social anxiety.Conclusion: Catastrophizing, refocus on planning and UNCONTROLLABILITY emotional schemas are being able to predict Social anxiety in the future. The findings suggest that determine the emotional schemas and working with them, as well as improving emotion regulation skills is an issue that should be addressed in the treatment of social anxiety disorder.