Decreased precipitation and water scarcity are some of the important challenges in most parts of Iran in recent years and need a cost-effective solution based on high technical knowledge and equipment,To improve the meteorological conditions with modern technologies, one can use the high voltage injection air ionization equipment. The result efficiently can increase cloud-water vapor concentration nuclei due to generate duplex clouds. Recent theoretical and experimental work suggests that a charged atmosphere will have a lower nucleation barrier and will also help stabilize embryonic particles. This allows nucleation to occur at lower vapor concentrations and demonstrates that charged particle and molecular clusters, condensing around natural air ions can grow significantly faster than corresponding neutral clusters. The theoretical dynamic locating of the injection model also indicates that the nucleation rate of particles in the non-charged regions (without injection) is limited by the ion production rate from other sources such as cosmic rays. Thus, stable charged particle concentration by injection resulting from condensation and growth can survive long after ion injection and ionization. Theoretical study of dynamic locating of injection model establishes a relationship between the dynamic locating electromagnetic region of changing point ionization and precipitation microphysics. Mechanism troposphere ionization and the Earth electromagnetic field properties cannot be excluded and there are established electrical effects on precipitation microphysics. Building on the relationship between changing points and ion injection the observations are extended to the realm of electromagnetic field microphysics by exploring this model. The injection produces positive /negative ions and free electrons. Many of these ions will be quickly lost to ion-ion recombination. Some of the ions escape recombination or reduced ion concentrations because the ionization produced by the electric field often is decreased because of the dust storm or wind that are generated in fixed changing points. As we presented in this article, dynamic locating of injection in the troposphere is very important to provide additive effects increasing cloud concentrations and generating precipitation, which is the main achievement of this analytical-simulation work. In this analytical-simulation study, which is based on real and experimental data taken from the western and southwestern regions of Iran, we first review the background of the results obtained from the injection process and the effect of generating clouds in the troposphere. Then we obtain the results of the same data with the theoretical effect of dynamic locating and simulation with injection at the electromagnetic changing points. The results of the previous data assuming maximization of utility have been recalculated and compared. The injection results are optimized by a dynamic locating technique that affects utility indices of maximum electromagnetic changing field between troposphere-ground the earth thickness. Due to the increased generation of rainy clouds and maximization of their concentrations and increased local precipitation by the dynamic locating method at the injection site and the optimal operation of the equipment is investigated. The theoretical model that is presented shows that the theoretical dynamic locating of injection model by increasing in ionizing effect leads to a 15-20% increase in precipitation, decrease of 11% in temperature, increase of 10% in humidity.

in this research, their effects on the flight of airplanes were investigated. The study area is the country of Iran, and the flight routes of Kermanshah, Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran. The research data includes maps of the Vertical Transect (profile) of the jet stream, the daily average of the Zonal wind (U-Wind) and meridional wind (V-Wind) components for the winter period of 2018 through NOAA/NCEP environmental databases. Also, flight route information was received from FlightRadar24 and Flightaware systems. First, by using Vertical Transect maps, the days containing strong U-Wind were extracted, and the average position of the core of the Jet Streams in the Zonal and meridional wind components, the Tropospheric level of 200 HP was detected. The list of flights was prepared, and the Zonal Wind maps were produced. Finally, the height of the flights was compared with the level of the currents of the Jet Streams, and the influence or lack of influence of the Jet Streams on the flights was studied. According to the results of the research, all the Jet Streams caused turbulence for all flights, and they caused a decrease in the speed of flights between Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran and an increase in the speed of flights between Kermanshah and Tehran according to the direction and type of Jet Streams. It was also found that all the Jet Streams had a speed of more than 90 knots, so the capacity to create tension and turbulence such as CAT was seen in them

Spatial-temporal modeling of air pollutants, ground-level ozone concentrations in particular, has attracted recent attention because by using spatial-temporal modeling, can analyze, interpolate or predict ozone levels at any location. In this paper we consider daily averages of troposphere ozone over Tehran city. For eliminating the trend of data, a dynamic linear model is used, then some features of correlation structure of de-trended data, such as stationarity, symmetry and separability are considered. Next based on the obtained features, an appropriate model is proposed. This model can be used for future predictions of ozone in Tehran.

In the current research, tropical cyclone Haiyan (TCH) was focused and some meteorological parameters in the lower- and upper-levels of troposphere have been investigated. For this aim, five datasets including re-analysis and observational data have been used and some parameters including sea surface temperature, relative humidity, potential temperature, relative vorticity, vertical wind shear, geo-potential height, temperature and wind vector have been analyzed, based on latitude- ongitude distributions, vertical profiles and time series plots. Results indicated that all focused parameters in the lower levels of troposphere were disturbed from the beginning of TCH lifetime and also contributed in TCH intensification and weakening. owever, variation of the selected parameters at the upper part of troposphere started with a delay of about 2-3 days, they affect TCH intensification and weakening. Conclusively, it can be claimed that both lower- and upperlevels of troposphere have been changed during TCH and their positive interaction helped TCH to be intensified to category 5.

NO2 is not only a potential air pollutant in urban and industrial environments but also a precursor for smog of urban environment that is another ozone pollutant as well. Some of the urban environments in Iran have high tropospheric and near surface NO2 which requires research attentions especially in these years. That is the issue of concern in the present study using satellite data of OMI from 2004 to 2012. Here, we compare the trends of NO2 for some cities of Iran while looking at the correlation between the near surface values of NO2 and that of the tropospheric column values.

Large-scale circulation patterns are controlling climatic conditions and especially precipitation of the area. The purpose of the study is investigating the relationship between circulation patterns of Arabian subtropical anticyclone and Iran precipitation. For this reason, was used re-analysis data of geo-potential height form European Center for Medium-Range Weather forecasts (ECMWF), with spatial resolution of 1*1 degree and correlation distance cluster analysis. Circulation patterns at 30 to 80 degrees the East longitudes and5 to 30degrees north latitudes and the period of11years (2000-2010) was calculated. The results showed that the patterns in terms of occurrence were divided the patterns of the cold period, the warm period and the transition period. During the cold period anticyclone is located at down latitudes on the Arabian sea and Gulf of Aden and have precipitation more areas of Iran that maximum amount of precipitation is related to the second pattern. In the patterns of transition period Arabian anticyclone sent a southwest clockwise current in to the trough East Mediterranean is effective in the occurrence of precipitation in the area of North and Northwest of the country. In the patterns warm period the anticyclone caused the anticyclone conditions on country and has been as a barrier to entry precipitation systems.

Ozone trends in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere over the Indian region are investigated using three satellite data sets namely Halogen Occultation Experiment (1993-2005), Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (1993-2005) II, and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS, 2005-2011). Estimated ozone trends using multi-variate regression analysis are compared with trends at two Indian ozonesonde stations (Delhi, 28oN, 77oE and Pune, 18oN, 73oE), and a 3-D Chemical Transport Model (CTM, SLIMCAT) for the 1993-2005 time period. Overall, all the observational data sets and model simulations indicate significant increasing trend in the upper troposphere (0-2.5%/year). In the lower stratosphere, estimated trends are slightly positive up to 30 mb and are negative between 30 and 10 mb. Increasing trends in the upper troposphere is probably due to increasing trends in the tropospheric ozone precursor gases (e.g. CO, NO x, NMHCs). Here, we argue that these contrasting ozone-trend profiles might be partially responsible for insignificant long-term trends in the tropical total column ozone. On seasonal scale, positive trends are observed during all the seasons in the upper troposphere while structure of trend profile varies in lower stratosphere. Seasonal variations of ozone trends and its linkages with stratospheric intrusions and increasing trends in lightning flashes in the troposphere are also discussed.

Introduction Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the most important air pollutants that can threaten human health and cause respiratory problems, headaches, dizziness and previous attacks. SO2 is the predominant sulfur oxide in the atmosphere, which is non-flammable, non-explosive and colorless, and at concentrations above 3 ppm has a pungent odor and can be fatal. Airway narrowing, bronchospasm, severe cough, eye and respiratory tract irritation, decreased respiratory function and shortness of breath, decreased respiratory depth, and ultimately exacerbated cardiovascular and respiratory complications from the health effects attributed to SO2 It counts. This pollutant in combination with hydroxide and reducing the pH of precipitation, falls in the form of acid rain on the ground and acidifies water and soil, with adverse environmental consequences. On the other hand, SO2 plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry, especially air pollution, and is one of the most important Photochemical smoke fog. SO2 can also alter the earth's radiative balance through photochemical interactions by radiation induction. Therefore, it has a great ability to create climate change by disrupting the energy balance of the Earth system and changing the mechanism of cloud formation. It is estimated that more than 15 sensors are continuously active in monitoring air pollution and atmospheric chemistry and provide the necessary data to those interested. Therefore, many studies have been performed using remote sensing techniques to monitor SO2. The GOME-2 sensor, which was placed on the MetOp-A satellite on October 19, 2006 for data collection of several important gases (O3, NO2, CO2, CO, SO2, ), is the basis of research. There was a lot of SO2 monitoring. Good horizontal resolution along with daily time resolution make this sensor suitable for long-term monitoring purposes. SO2 contamination in Iran has been reported by foreign and domestic researchers. However, although SO2 has been studied from several aspects in Iran, but due to the health risks to people living in contaminated areas, there are still many questions about temporal-spatial distribution, trends, hotspots, Its spatial differences and similarities are present in the troposphere of Iran. Therefore, the focus of the present study is to analyze the concentration of SO2 in Iran between 2007 and 2020 using the observations of the GOME-2 sensor of the MetOp-A satellite to answer the questions. Materials and Methods The GOME-2 sensor covers a wide range from 240 to 790 nm, with a spectral resolution of 0. 26 to 0. 51 nm and has an equatorial the time of the passing of 9: 30 local time in the Sun-Orbit. The spatial resolution or size of each pixel of this sensor for the main channels is in the form of 80 × 40 km and scan width of 1920 km and 40 × 40 km with scan width of 960 km, which covers the whole world on a daily basis. The use of GOME-2 sensor SO2 products, due to good spectral resolution and optimal calibration compared to similar instruments, has been the basis of numerous studies in the world in the direction of atmospheric SO2 monitoring. In this study, the tropospheric SO2 observations of the Gome-2 sensor in the period of 2007-2020 were used. The data used is an estimate of the weight of SO2 micrograms per cubic meter of tropospheric air, expressed in micrograms per cubic meter (µ g/m³ ). This data was extracted from the website (http: //www. temis. nl) with monthly and spatial separation of 40×40 km and after applying quality control and necessary processing, it was converted into monthly, seasonal and annual values. Accordingly, the dimensions of the arrays created are 168×1030 for the months and 56×1030 for the seasons, respectively. The data used, which is digital and the value of SO2 is a numerical value per pixels, was converted into network data and data tables by applying geostatistical algorithms in specialized software environment (Arc GIS, ENVI) Necessary was extracted and analyzed as a raster based on the geographical border of Iran. Discussion of Results The mean concentration of SO2 in the troposphere of Iran was 28. 5 µ g/m³ and the maximum and minimum values were estimated to be 200. 9 µ g/m³ and 1. 70 µ g/m³ with a standard deviation of 15. 9 µ g/m³ , respectively. Spatially, Khuzestan province has the highest average SO2 concentration in Iran, followed by Ilam, Bushehr, Tehran, Alborz, Gilan, Mazandaran and southern Kerman. The amount of SO2 over Tehran is also significant. Among the reasons for the high level of tropospheric SO2 over Tehran, we can mention several factors, including geographical and human factors. The location of the city of Tehran in the semi-enclosed environment of the southern slope of the Alborz highlands, causes the Alborz mountains in the north and east to prevent air conditioning as a barrier and provide conditions for the persistence and continuity of tropospheric SO2. The dominance of temperature inversion conditions and the continuous establishment of high-pressure systems are other climatic features of the region that create the conditions for intensifying air pollution in Tehran in some days of the year. In addition to the natural factors mentioned, the establishment of factories and industries in the city (especially in the west and southwest), power plants and refining companies can be added to the amount of tropospheric SO2. The coastal area of northern Iran (Mazandaran and Gilan provinces) has a high population density due to the location of Neka power plant on the one hand and on the other hand due to the favorable weather conditions and relatively favorable infrastructure development. Other areas also experience relatively high concentrations of SO2 during the year due to their industrial nature, dilapidated fleet, and the existence of cement plants and power plants based on diesel or fuel oil (southern Kerman province). These areas are contaminated with tropospheric SO2 according to air quality standards. Analysis of the tropospheric SO2 time series during 168 consecutive months (2020-2007) shows the decreasing trend of SO2 emission in the surface troposphere of Iran. The decrease in tropospheric SO2 concentration in Iran has occurred while Iran joined the Kyoto Protocol in 2005 and has announced cooperation in reducing greenhouse gases. Conclusions The aim of the present study is to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of tropospheric SO2 in Iran using the observations of the GOME-2 sensor of the MetOp-A satellite during the years 2007-2020. The results showed; The average tropospheric SO2 in Iran is 28. 5 µ g/m³ , among which, the highest/lowest values observed are 200. 9 µ g/m³ and 1. 7 µ g/m³ , respectively, with a standard deviation of 15 µ g/m³ It has been. In terms of spatial distribution, the highest concentration of tropospheric SO2 pollutant over a continuous range from northwest of Kermanshah province to the west of Hormozgan province and the provinces of Tehran, Alborz, Gilan, Mazandaran, Isfahan and south of Kerman province. The average of this gas has decreased by 25% from 35 µ g/m³ in 2007 to 26 µ g/m³ in 2020. Analysis of the output related to the seasonal average of SO2 distribution showed that the seasonal maximum of SO2 occurs in autumn and its seasonal minimum occurs in summer. The highest average monthly SO2 emissions were observed in October, November and January and the lowest in June and July respectively. Higher SO2 concentrations in the colder months and seasons of the year, on the one hand due to more active sources of emissions such as higher fuel oil consumption, increased traffic volume, increasing the amount of fossil fuel consumption to provide Heating of residential and service spaces and on the other hand due to the prevailing meteorological conditions in this period of the year (occurrence of the phenomenon of temperature inversion and reduction of the thickness of the atmospheric boundary layer). The study of the spatial distribution of tropospheric SO2 concentration also indicates its significant spatial differences in the geographical area of Iran. The difference is due to the heterogeneous distribution of tropospheric SO2 production and emission centers in Iran.

Aims The dust crisis and the numerous problems caused by it, which have affected most of the Western and Southwestern regions of Iran in recent years, need an appropriate and cost-effective solution to improve living and respiratory conditions without adverse human or environmental effects. The purpose of this study was to analyze the location of injection technology equipment to reduce the concentration of fine dust in Ahvaz City, Iran. Methodology This theoretical study was performed based on the results of previous experimental data on the effect of atmospheric ionization in a radius of about 100km from the center of Ahvaz City, Iran. In this theoretical study, the effective exchange points of electromagnetic fields were redirected in the covered area based on satellite data and electric field information of the earth’, s surface and troposphere. For this purpose, a triple combination of quasi-experimental method of latitude ionosphere model, Lagrangian distribution model and atmospheric chemical arithmetic model was used. Mathworks Matlab R2020b and Envi 5. 3 software were used for processing. Findings According to theoretical calculations and change of atmospheric parameters by applying location corrections, the concentration of fine dust in dust conditions less than 700 micrograms per cubic meter can be reduced by 5-11% and in dust conditions above 700 micrograms per cubic meter by about 21-3%. Precipitation can also increase by 3-13%. Conclusion Dynamic location of troposphere ionization equipment can reduce the concentration of fine dust by 3 to 21% and increase precipitation by 5 to 11% in Ahvaz based on theoretical calculations.