In the present study, the effect of swim stress on morphine-induced Tolerance was investigated in mice using formalin test. In this respect, intraperitoneal administration of different doses of morphine (3, 6, and 9 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent antinociception in both acute and chronic phases of the formalin test. In addition, an exposure to swim stress 2 or 3 times for 3 consecutive days was performed in order to induce Tolerance. This exercise decreased morphine-induced antinociception. Meanwhile, morphine administration (25 mg/kg) for 3 days in the presence of swim stress (for two to three times) potentiated Tolerance induced by morphine in both phases of the formalin test. Administration of a higher dose of morphine (50 mg/kg) for 3 days in the presence of swim stress did not alter morphine-induced Tolerance in both phases of the test. On the other hand, administration of the latter dose of morphine for 3 days in the absence of swim stress decreased morphine-induced antinociception in both phases of the formalin test. It can be concluded that there may be a cross interaction between morphineinduced antinociception and swim stress.

More than 22% of the world's agricultural land is saline, and this trend continues to increase with climate changes. Salinity stress causes leaf color change, osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, prevents growth, photosynthesis and plant performance. Due to their size less than micron, metal nanoparticles have a great absorption and transmission power in plants. Salinity stress is a major problem in hot and dry areas under tomato cultivation. For this purpose, investigating the mutual effects of the size and type of zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles on the improvement and change of growth and increasing the resistance to salt stress in tomato plants of the early urbana variety were carried out in the form of a completely randomized and factorial design with 4 replications, at a significant level of 5%. In this research, zinc oxide nanoparticles in 25 and 50 nm sizes, iron oxide in 25 nm sizes and sodium chloride in 0 and 75 mM levels were used. Nanoparticles and salinity treatments were both applied to the plants. The results showed that salt stress led to a decrease in plant growth parameters such as shoot and root length, leaf area, RWC, ion leakage. Also, NaCl led to an increase in the accumulation of prolin and other aldehydes, sodium, iron and zinc. The application of nanoparticles had a slight effect in stress-free conditions, but in stressed conditions, these two nanoparticles alone and especially in combination neutralized the effect of salinity and reduced the damage caused by salinity stress.

Introduction and Objective: Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) contains considerable oil and so it is an important oil crop. This plant has been grown for its colorful petals to use them as a food coloring and flavoring agent, medicine and nutrition of livestock and birds. Moreover drought as one of the most important environmental stresses causes decrease in amount and efficiency of this crop production. The pupose of this research was evaluating the drought Tolerance of safflower genotypes using some drought Tolerance indices Material and Methods: This experiment was carried out as split plot in complete randomize block design with three replications in Abarkouh in 2016-2017. Irrigation treatment as the main factor was including three levels, includes non-stress, cut off irrigation from 50% of flowering stage to maturity (flowering stress) and cut off irrigation from the onset of seeding stage to maturity (seeding stress). Ten genotypes of safflower including Faraman, Sina, Goldasht, Parnian, Soffeh, local Arak 2811, local Isfahan, Kashan, Shiraz and Kerman were as sub factor. In this research, drought Tolerance indices such as Tolerance index (TOL), stress susceptibility index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HM), stress Tolerance index (STI), yield index (YI) and yield stability index (YSI) were calculated using seed yield under non-stress (Yp) and drought stress (Ys) conditions. Results: The results of combined analysis of variance revealed that genotype, stress and stress × genotype were significant for seed yield. Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences between the genotypes for Yp, Ys, and MP, GMP, HM, STI and YI indices at both stress conditions. Correlation coefficients between drought Tolerance indices and seed yield showed that MP, GMP, HM, STI and YI indices had a positive and significant correlation with seed yield under non-stress and both stress conditions. Therefore these indices can be suitable for selecting better genotypes. Comparison of different safflower genotypes using multivariate biplot graph indicated that Sina, Kerman and Faraman genotypes were considered as superior genotypes in non-stress and both stress conditions because of locating of these genotypes next to the vectors of suitable drought Tolerance indices. Biplot results were also confirmed by the results from three- dimensional graph of Yp, Ys and STI. Conclusion: Biplot and three- dimensional graph results for studied genotypes showed that Sina, Kerman and Faraman genotypes could be suggested as drought tolerant genotypes under flowering and seeding stress conditions.

Extended Abstract Introduction and Objective: Maize is one of the most important cereals that is cultivated in many parts of the world and it is one of the most important cereals for the production of food for people all over the world. The most common environmental stress is drought, which limits the growth and survival of plants in arid and semi-arid areas. The selection of tolerant genotypes to drought can help to improve the performance of maize hybrids under these conditions. Material and Methods: In this research, to investigate the Tolerance of maize hybrids to drought stress, 18 maize hybrids were evaluated in an experiment in the form of the split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the control conditions, irrigation was done after 70 mm and under drought stress conditions, after 120 mm of evaporation from the class A pan. Based on the grain yield under water-deficit stress and normal conditions, the indices including the stress Tolerance index (STI), stress susceptibility index (SSI), Tolerance (TOL), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HARM), reconnaissance drought Index (RDI), drought resistance index (DI), yield stability index (YSI) and selection index of ideal genotype (SIIG) were calculated for the studied hybrids and the most tolerant and sensitive hybrids were identified. Also, the grouping of hybrids was done based on cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Results: In this research, yield under normal and water-deficit stress conditions had a low correlation with the TOL index, a negative and significant correlation with SSI, and a positive and significant correlation with MP, GMP, STI, HARM, YSI, RDI, DI and SIIG and therefore, hybrids with higher values for these indices had higher yield in the water-deficit stress and normal conditions. Thus, MP, GMP, STI, HARM, YSI, RDI, DI, and SIIG were suitable indices for identifying hybrids with higher yield in both conditions due to their higher correlation with the grain yield in water-deficit stress and non-stress environments. Conclusion: In normal conditions, SC704, has the highest (18.57 tons/ha) and SC703 (11.81 tons/ha), SC702 (11.76 tons/ha), SC720 (12.66 tons/ha), SC701 (11.77 ton/ha), K19/2×K3651 (11.09) and AR66 (11.43 tons/ha) had the lowest yield. Also, under water stress conditions, SC704 had the highest (15.9 tons/ha) and AR66 had the lowest (6.16 tons/ha) yield. Based on the results of the studied indices, SC500 and SC704 were identified as water deficit tolerant hybrids and SC670 and AR66 were also identified as sensitive hybrids to water deficit stress. The results of cluster analysis and principal component analysis and biplot diagram also confirmed this issue.

The theory of fallibility (takhṭ iʾ a) in theology and the principles of jurisprudence, if properly understood, can make a significant contribution to prevent violent extremism. Although religious Tolerance is considered a modern discourse, this article argues that Muslim theologians had laid down the theoretical foundations of religious Tolerance in the eighth century by advancing the theory of fallibility in Islamic theology. Through the fallibility theory, Muslim theologians have concluded that an individual should be excused or rewarded by God even though his/her dogma is false. This would yield an epistemic ground for coexistence among followers of different religions and denominations. Yet, distortions or misapplications of the fallibility theory in the past several decades have led to the emergence of violent extremism across the Muslim world. While revisiting the theory of fallibility in theology and the principles of jurisprudence and by deploying textual analysis in historical contexts, this paper argues that Muslim theologians had laid down the theoretical foundations of religious Tolerance on epistemic principles. I conclude that revisiting the theory of fallibility can play a crucial role in preventing violent extremism inside and outside the Muslim world.

Salinity is the most important abiotic stress that influences the crops production in large areas of the country. To evaluate the salt Tolerance of different alfalfa ecotypes, an experiment was conducted with three replications in a factorial randomized complete block design in 2014, in College of Agricultural and Natural Resources University of Tehran. 25 alfaalfa ecotypes in hydroponics (Hoagland solution) condition and applied salinity levels 100 and 200 mM sodium chloride with irrigation water were examined. The results indicated that the interaction of salinity and different ecotypes was significant on shoot dry weight, concentration of sodium and potassium. To determine tolerant and sensitive ecotypes indicators of stress were used and the results showed that in non-stress condition yield to MP (mean productivity), TOL (Tolerance), STI (stress Tolerance index) indicators and in salt stress yield to MH (Harmonic mean), STI, YI (Yield index) had positively significant correlation. According to this ecotypes 5 and 21 as the most tolerant and ecotype 20 and 8 as more sensitive were introduced. The result of the Biplot analysis showed that the first and second principal components justified 87/15 precent of the whole yield changes. Hence, the selection due to the first and second principal components respectively led to choose the tolerant and sensitive ecotypes.

One of the most frequent rules in various areas of demonstrative jurisprudence of Two Major Sects of Islam religion is a rule that is known among Shīʿa as “Tolerance in the evidence of traditions” (Arabic: التسامح فی أدلّة السنن) and in Sunnī as “latitudinarianism in documents” (Arabic: التساهل فی أسانید). Believers in the general application of this rule have based it for reasons such as consensus (Arabic: إجماع), tradition famous through practice (Arabic: الشهرة العملیّة), and rational judgement (intellectual judgement) and a group of aḥādīth (Arabic: أحادیث, plural form for ḥadīth, literally “talk” or “discourse”) called “Akhbar-e- Man Balagh” (Arabic: أخبار من بلغ). The understanding of the aforementioned narrations and the extent of application of this rule has caused a conflict of opinions among scholars. The narrations containing the excellences of suras of the Holy Book of Quran is one of the fields of application of the rule of Tolerance. The present research has explained the types of exposure to this group of narrations based on the rule of Tolerance by using descriptive-exploratory method and using library sources and seeks to find a suitable approach about narrations of the excellences of suras (chapters) of the Holy Book of Quran. The interaction with these narrations is organized based on a special reading of the rule of Tolerance in the selected approach, which is based on a rational interpretation of the contents of Man-Balagh (Arabic: من بلغ)’s narrations and is compatible with the indications of some verses and traditions. The use of weak narrations containing the excellences of suras (chapters) will be permissible based on this approach considering three conditions and without any certainty of attributing these narrations to Sharʿ (Islamic rules).

Background and objectives: Cumin seed yield reduction occurs in most regions of Iran due to the water stress. Therefore, based on literature review, major evaluations have been done using limited cumin ecotypes or mainly conducted under normal irrigated condition in the country. So, this study was designed to assess the most diverse cumin ecotypes currently cultivated in the major cumin cultivation areas of Iran in terms of seed yield, determination the effect of drought stress during flowering stage, identification of drought tolerant ecotypes to from segregating population using Tolerance indices and indication of ecotypes response to drought stress and normal irrigation conditions.Materials and methods: To determine the effect of water stress on yield of 49 cumin ecotypes adapted to Iran, a simple 7 × 7 lattice design with two replications was conducted in research farm of college of Aburaihan, University of Tehran. Experiment was conducted during 2012-2013 season. Water stress initiated at 50% flowering stage when the soil humidity reached to 30% field capacity. Analysis of variance based on lattice design and evaluation of the relative performance compared to randomized complete block design were done. Further analysis was done based on randomized blocks design after correction of data. Calculation of 11 drought Tolerance indices based on yield under drought and normal irrigated conditions, correlations among indices and seed yield and principle component analysis based on correlation coefficient matric were followed.Results: Lattice design relative performance compared to randomized complete block design was 153 and 148 percent in normal and stress conditions, respectively. Eleven different Tolerance indices were estimated based on yield in both conditions. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis and biplot display showed indices MP, GMP, STI, Harm, K1STI and K2STI as suitable indicators showing high yield potential and stability. Cluster analysis based on indices grouped all ecotypes into three distinct groups. Tolerant ecotypes were placed in the same group. Ecotypes distribution in the biplot revealed genetic variation among genotypes regarding drought Tolerance response.Conclusion: Ecotype of Kerman (Baft), South Khorasan (Darmian) and Yazd (Sadooq) identified as most tolerant ecotypes while ecotypes from North Khorasan (Esfaraien), Esfahan (Ardestan) and Khorasan-Razavi (Kashmar) identified as most sensitive ecotypes to drought stress in flowering stage. Then, usage of these accessions is recommended as parents to improve tolerant cumin cultivars in breeding programs.