Onion cultivation through the common methods in East Azarbayjan, leads to low soil fertility, due to the use of fine sands to help germination of onion seeds. One way to solve this problem and reduce the production cost is onion TRANSPLANTING. In addition, Onion with short and superficial root must be grown in soil which is rich in nutrients, organic matters and consisted of a soft structure, with no clod consisted. The present study was conducted to determine the suitable tillage method in preparing fine seed-bed and increasing the organic matters in topsoil under semi arid climate and loamy soil conditions.A split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The main plots concerning the primary fall-tillage were as following:1- Mold board plow in 25 Cm depth.2- Chisel plow in 15 cm depth3- Disk harrow in 10cm depth.Sub plots concerning the secondary tillage before TRANSPLANTING were harrowing by disk and rotary tiller in 8-10 cm depth.During the experiment, some physical and chemical properties of soil, such as bulk density, penetration resistance (Con Index), organic matter, percentage of plant residues in various stages of operation and in different depth of soil, plant establishment, bulbs weight and diameter average and yield were measured and analyzed.The following results were obtained:1- The moldboard plow had the most effect on inversion of residues. When a soil-horrowing by disk or rotary tiller carried out after plowing, the residues spread in top and subsoil more evenly. Chisel plow had the least effect of burial of residues in soil.2- Plowing by moldboard and chisel plow had the most effect on reduction of bulk density, penetration resistance and consequently increasing the soil porosity. Therefore, these implements with preparing of suitable conditions for plant establishment and growth resulted in the highest yield.3- In all treatments of secondary operation, the rotary tiller was more effective in soil pulverization than disk.

This was aimed at using saline soils in an appropriate was for cotton production by TRANSPLANTING using paper pots in saline soils of Varamin. The experimental design was a Randomised Complete Blocks in the form of split-split plots with three replications. The main plots were two planting dates, May 20 and June 10. Single and double row planting were used as sub-plots and sub-sub plots were the age of transplants with four levels: direct seeding, 10, 30, and 40 days old transplants. The results showed that, delaying in the planting date reduced yield, earliness, seed weight, boll and monopodia number. Double row planting (zigzag arrangement) in comparison with single row planting, produced more; yield, stand counts, boll and monopodia number and also found out more appropriate planting arrangement in saline soils. TRANSPLANTING in comparison with direct seeding had not significant effect on yield. Among yield components, stand counts was affected by TRANSPLANTING and as the age of transplants increased, the former trait was decreased. Meanwhile, TRANSPLANTING increased the main root branching remarkably and shallowed them. Using of cotton transplant in delay planting conditions is a suitable practice for crop earliness.

Documents of Civil Litigation in traditional societies, one of the topics of interest in the field of contemporary history. Than that for traditional patriarchal societies, often owned by men, usually two civil lawsuits, one of the men who were all witnesses and mediators. claim that in traditional societies, men are regarded as a matter of civil litigation., but the difference between the household personal property Myrzakrym Khan and Akbar Khan Rashti Constitutional Revolution era of Reza Khan's government lasted for is no exception. because her Fkhraldvlh Muluk Ashrafzadeh due to lack merit Din Shah and his associate Mohsen Khan Amin was the first to enter civil lawsuits and political situation would ultimately benefit from the wisdom of his powerful rival - Mirza Karim Khan Rashti - be overcome. article is to present to the position of Lsht TRANSPLANTING and families with personal and Akbar Khan area of disagreement and the reasons for the rise of Reza Khan, head of the prime minister in this regard would mediate.

Introduction Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ) is one of the plants cultivated for oil or seed. Sunflower oil contains many useful fatty acids. One of methods to increase plant yield and decrease input consumption is TRANSPLANTING. TRANSPLANTING can increase seed yield components such as head number per plant, seed number per head, 1000-seed weight. TRANSPLANTING increased seed yield and quality compared to direct seeding due to no frost at the beginning of growth season and increasing flowering length. By delaying TRANSPLANTING, seed germination or transplant establishment is reduced. Time interval from seeding till beginning and terminating flowering length can be reduced by delaying at seeding, but by TRANSPLANTING flowering duration length increases. Drought losses crop productions especially at plant critical growth periods such as seed filling stage. In arid and semi-arid areas like Iran, water shortage leads farmers to plant low-water crops. By TRANSPLANTING of sunflower, water can be saved, because seedling can be grown by a little water in controlled condition. In addition, some plant growth stages coincide with cool and rainy weather in spring. Many farmers use TRANSPLANTING for warm season crops, but TRANSPLANTING of sunflower has not been well studied. This research was aimed to assess sunflower TRANSPLANTING under common sowing date and early sowing in Kermanshah climate condition. Material and Methods An experiment was conducted at greenhouse and research field, campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University in 2015 and 2016. In the first year, factors included three planting methods (direct seeding, 4-week TRANSPLANTING and 6-week TRANSPLANTING) and sowing date (early sowing, common date sowing). In the second year, treatments included 4-week TRANSPLANTING at early sowing (superior treatment in the first year) and direct seeding (control). At harvesting stage, four plants per plot were selected and traits such as plant height, stem height, stem diameter, leaf number, internode length, leaf width, leaf length, leaf fresh weight, stem fresh weight, seedling fresh weight, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and biomass were measured. Leaf greenness was measured by SPAD device and stomatal conductance was measured by porometer device. Leaf area was determined by digimizer software. Leaf relative water content, chlorophyll a and b, seed yield and yield components also were measured. Data were analyzed by SAS software. Mean were compared using LSD test. Results and Discussion Analysis of variance of 2015 data, showed that planting method and planting date had significant effect on plant height, leaf relative water content, dry matter and leaf area. 4-week transplant at early planting date had the highest dry matter production and leaf area selected for the second year. It seems that by delaying in TRANSPLANTING, sunflower plant become more sensitive to cold air and low temperature damages plants, so lower dry matter production was produced. Results of the second year showed that TRANSPLANTING increased green leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll a, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, leaf to stem ratio, stem length, plant height, seed number per head, dehulled seed weight, hull weight, seed yield and 100-seed weight. It seems in TRANSPLANTING, maximum stem length, plant height, green leaf number and leaf area was occurred when sunlight was maximum, so plant had higher radiation use efficiency and dry matter production. In addition, TRANSPLANTING had higher seed yield than seeding probably due to weed suppression, rapid establishment, shorter growth duration and faster flowering. TRANSPLANTING increased seed yield and weight due to lack of coincidence of plant critical stages to adverse environmental conditions, suitable plant cover, prolonging the grain filling period and store assimilates in grain. Conclusion In conclusion, it is suggested to plant 4-week sunflower transplant at early date in Kermanshah climate condition.

In order to control weeds in TRANSPLANTING onions in southern Kerman province, an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and four replications during 2003-2004. The treatments included of Pendimethalin 33% in 4.5 L/ha (pre), Oxyfluorfen 24% in 2 L/ha (post), Oxadiazon 12% in 3 L/ha (pre and post), and Oxadiargyl WG and EC in 120 g/ha and 4 L/ha (post), respectively; plus weedy check .The results indicated that the application of herbicides decreased density and biomass of weeds and increased onion yield. Oxyfluorfen had maximum effect on reducing density and biomass of mallow (Malva parviflor L.), lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.) and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). Barnyard grass (Echinochloa colonum L.) was successfully controlled by oxadiazon; lambsquarter was successfully controlled by all herbicides except Oxadiargyl; the highest onion yields belonged to Oxyfluorfen with 71.75 t/ha.

This study was carried out in 1996 in orther to compare yield and other traits in rice cultivars under direct seeding and TRANSPLANTING methods at Joneghan region of Chaharmahal and Bakhteyari province. Genotypes were composed of three selected lines (4 ,30 and 65) from local breeding populations, varieties 24IRCTN90 and Gerdeh Joneghan local variety. In this investigation 2 factors were compared in a factorial experiment with 3 replications. One factor consisted of 5 lines and cultivars and another factor consisted of 2 planting methods. Planting time in both the direct seeding and TRANSPLANTING methods were the same. Harvest time both in this experiment and in the region was also the same. Results indicated that all cultivars had lower yield than local variety under direct seeding method and their growing period could be not completed. The yield under TRANSPLANTING was higher than direct seeding method in all of the cultivars. Line 65 showed the highest yield (54ookg/ha) under TRANSPLANTING method. In direct seeding, the performance of other traits was significantly less than TRANSPLANTING method.

The main method of rice planting in Iran is TRANSPLANTING. Due to poor mechanization of rice production, this method is laborious and costly. The other method is direct seeding in wet lands which is performed in the one third of rice cultivation area of the world. The most important problem in this method is high labor requirement of weed control. In order to compare the different rice planting methods (direct drilling, TRANSPLANTING, and seed broadcasting) a manually operated rice direct seeder (drum seeder) was designed and fabricated. The research was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three treatments and three replications. Required draft force, field efficiency, effective field capacity, yield, and yield components were measured and the treatments were compared economically. Results showed that there were significant differences among the treatments from the view point of rice yield at the confidence level of 95% i.e. the TRANSPLANTING method had the maximum yield. A higher rice yield was obtained from the direct seeder compared to the manual broadcasting method but, the difference between these two methods for crop yield was not significant even at the confidence level of the 95%. The coefficient of variation of seed distribution with direct seeding was more than 20%. The labor and time requirements per hectare reduced to 7 and 20 times, respectively when comparing the newly designed direct seeder with the TRANSPLANTING method. The direct seeding method had the highest benefit to cost ratio in spite of its lower yield. Therefore, this method could be recommended in the rice growing regions.

Introduction: In Golestan province, despite the lack of water resources, traditional rice cultivation, a crop with high water consumption, is increasing due to economic justification. This issue has become one of the main problems of the province's agricultural sector in recent years. In order to prepare the planting bed (puddled TRANSPLANTING) in the traditional method of rice production, a significant amount of irrigation water is used before planting the seedlings in the main land. Moreover, the plant is in the water during the growing season, which causes high water losses by surface water evaporation and deep penetration. Rice direct seeding cultivation is a method that has been considered in the world for various reasons, including higher water productivity. Currently, reports indicate that more than 50% of groundwater resources are extracted and allocated annually for rice cultivation in the region investigated. In general, field information and observations indicate that the level of paddy cultivation is increasing in the province. In the past few decades, agricultural policymakers have sought to restrict and ban rice cultivation in the country, except in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces. The rationale behind this decision is high water consumption, declining groundwater aquifers and long-term instability of water resources. The developed strategy did not work effectively, as it did not consider the benefits of the farmers in the short run. The increasing trend in the area under paddy fields from 1995 to 1500 hectares per year shows the unsuccessfulness of this up-to-down strategy. Materials and Methods: A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of rice cultivation and irrigation methods on yield, water consumption and water productivity over two rice cropping seasons (2019–,2020) in northern Iran (Gorgan Agricultural Research Station). Irrigation method as the main factor in four levels (permanent flooding, intermittent as wet and dry, sprinkler, tape) and cultivation method in three levels (direct seed in dry bed, non-puddled TRANSPLANTING and traditional TRANSPLANTING) in the form of a strip design. The plot was based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The applied water, yield and some yield components and water productivity were measured and calculated during the growing seasons. Results and Discussion: The results showed that in all irrigation methods, yield was significantly reduced by changing the traditional seeding TRANSPLANTING to dry seed. The amount of water applied in sprinkler and drip irrigation methods from traditional seedlings was significantly reduced as compared to direct seed seeding. Dry seed cultivation, however, consumed more water than traditional TRANSPLANTING in the flood irrigation treatments (wet and dry and permanent). The highest yield (8206 kg/ha) was obtained for traditional seedling cultivation by flood irrigation, and no significant difference was observed between the yields for the other irrigation methods. In general, changing the irrigation systems had a greater effect on water consumption than changing the rice cultivation method. In addition, changing the cultivation method had a greater effect on changing the type of irrigation systems. In traditional TRANSPLANTING cultivation, the yield decreased by about 14, 9 and 11%, respectively, by changing the irrigation systems from permanent flood irrigation to sprinkler, wet and dry, and drip irrigation. The highest water use was observed for flood irrigation method in direct seeding (12490 m 3 /ha) and direct TRANSPLANTING (11967 m 3 /ha). Conclusion: Currently, farmers cultivate rice by TRANSPLANTING in padded land irrigated by flooding techniques in Golestan province, which results in high water consumption (about 13, 000 m 3 /ha). By changing the irrigation method from flood irrigation to drip for traditional TRANSPLANTING cultivation, water consumption decreased by about 39% and as a result water productivity increased by about 22%, albeit a 11% reduction in yield occurred. With the conversion of traditional TRANSPLANTING seedling by flood irrigation to non-puddled TRANSPLANTING by drip irrigation, the yield decreased by about 24% and the amount of water by about 45%, and water productivity in this case reached 0. 9 kg/m 3. This can be considered as the best alternative for conserving both water resources and production. If only reducing water consumption is the main priority (regardless of yield reduction), the best treatments are drip irrigation with direct seeding, non-puddled TRANSPLANTING and then traditional seedling, respectively. If there is a sprinkler irrigation system in the field, this option is given priority in the direct seeding and non-puddled TRANSPLANTING. If changing the irrigation system is not considered, the use of intermittent irrigation (as a wet and dry) with non-puddled TRANSPLANTING, traditional methods and direct seeding are preferred, respectively.

Objective: Demyelination of CNS axons occurs under pathological conditions such as multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injuries, but can be repaired by cell therapy. Within the CNS remyelination can be achieved by transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs are self-renewing cells that maintain the capacity to differentiate into CNS-specific cell types and can differentiate into the three main neural phenotypes: astroglia, oligodendroglia and neurons. They may also replace or repair diseased CNS tissue.Methods: Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were aseptically isolated from the tibia and femurs of young adult Sprague Dawley rats. BMSCs were evaluated by fibronectin and CD31 markers. BMSC-derived NSCs were evaluated by nestin and NF-68. An ethidium bromide-induced demyelinated dorsal column lesion was produced in young adult rats. TRANSPLANTING NSCs derived-BMSCs into demyelinated lesions after 3 days in adult rat spinal cords was done. Three weeks after transplantation of NSCs, the spinal cords were processed to evaluate remyelination by Luxol fast blue staining.Results: After passage 3, BMSCs were evaluated and the result, showed the percentage of immunoreactive cells to fibronectin (94.7±2.65), however BMSC-derived NSCs expressed nestin (86.15±0.64) and NF-68 (84.55±0.94) which correlated with fibronectin down regulation. Histologically, the lesions showed slightly irregular elongated areas and had an average length of 1336.36±39.43 mm. Transplanted NSCs were capable of eliciting remyelination.Conclusion: These data support the conclusion that transplantation of NSCs results in functional remyelination of a dorsal column lesion and have valuable applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as spinal cord injuries.