Demand for Maritime transportation is derived from International transactions between countries.Hence, in this research in addition to Scrapping tanker price, freight rate determinants such as new-building and second-hand tanker price, the role of seaborne trade is considered. To study the tanker market, we used data between 1987 and 2010, extracted from the Clarkson Research Studies. As causality was not predetermined, in order to discover a co-integration relation and causality direction, a VAR and VECM is applied following appropriate Unit root tests. According to results, unlike short run dynamics, new-building and second-hand tanker price and seaborne trade volume have affected freight rate in long run. Moreover, in short run, freight rate, seaborne trade volume and second-hand tanker price affect new-building price. Finally, the increase in seaborne trade volume, after one period adjustment, tends to increase in freight rate. This impact is temporary.

Autonomous aerial refueling is a typical close formation flight process, in which the tanker wake has a strong aerodynamic influence to the receiver. In order to develop the accurate aerodynamic models in refueling simulations and design the control laws for autonomous aerial refueling, the tanker wake effects on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) are investigated through ANSYS CFX 15. 0. A simplified boom-equipped tanker and a tailless delta wing UAV (named ZD-X) are used in this study. The aerodynamic characteristics of ZD-X in single flight are calculated first and the results are used as the benchmark for comparison. Then the aerodynamic characteristics of ZD-X under the effects of tanker wake are calculated, the final results are given in incremental form to facilitate comparative analysis. Numerical results are obtained from the tanker and receiver at varying lateral, vertical and longitudinal spacings. It is observed that the tanker wake effects on the receiver mostly come from wingtip vortices of the tanker wing and horizontal tail, and the lateral and vertical spacings have significant effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of the receiver, while the longitudinal spacing has almost no effect.

Ports are involved in transferring more than 80% of materials and goods. With life cycle assessment, all environmental impacts are assessed simultaneously and this method has not been implemented for non-container ports. The goal of the study is life cycle assessment of liquid, gas, container, bulk, and tanker loading in the port to define the most impactful sub-processes in the port operations. Life cycle assessment is done from the source of production to the port (scope 1) and from the gate of the port to loading to ships (scope 2). One MMt of loading material is considered as functional unit. The results of the study showed that the impacts of scope 1 are far lower than scope 2 and it is worth focusing on scope 2 for any environmental improvements. In the global warming impact, gas loading has the highest share of 35%, of which 50% is due to electricity, and 45% is due to flaring. Bulk loading with a share of 30% entirely due to electricity is the second. Liquid loading with a share of 20% has the third rank as a result of electricity by 95%. It can be seen that in all sub-processes, electricity has a major role in all impact categories. In port operation LCA, per each MMt of total loading, bulk, liquid, and gas loading have the highest share over 18 impact categories to different extents. It is suggested to develop improving scenarios focused on electricity consumption, considering renewable energy sources, and no flaring for the port.

Letter to Editor

The sloshing phenomenon occurs in partially filled tankers due to sudden movement can affect the tank structure integrity and impair the dynamic stability of the tanker. The effects of sloshing phenomena in a spray mixture tank due to acceleration or deceleration of the agricultural vehicle is investigated under three filling levels of 25%, 50%, and 75%. The pressure time distributions on the tank wall were evaluated by using a multiphase transient model (water and air as an ideal gas) and a free surface flow in a homogeneous model. It was possible to verify the wave behavior of sloshing. The condition of 75% tank filling volume generated the highest pressure on the tank wall. The effectiveness of two types of vertical baffles in suppressing pressure was numerically investigated. Shear stress on the tank bottom wall under these proposed arrangements was analyzed by steady-state models and mechanical agitation, considering a filled tank. The proposed solution based on two partial vertical baffles and a central gap was the most effective. It promotes the higher reduction of wall impact pressure and other sloshing instabilities and maintains similar results of mixture agitation of the tank without baffles.

In financial literature، price volatility or any variable is an indicator of the risk of that variable، and it is usually calculated using standard deviation or variance. Accordingly، the purpose of this paper is to analyze the structure of volatility of freight rate in the dry bulk and tanker markets. In order to، examine the structure of the volatility of BDI، BCTI and BDTI indices; full autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity was used. The results of the research showed that there was high volatility in all three freight markets. Also، the results of the Minimum durability of the memory of a shock in the BDI index indicate that during the volatility of prices، the freight risk of this market will much less than the other two markets. So، and according to Markowitz theory، investors who intend to buy dry bulk or oil tankers shipping companies stocks، if they intend to maintain stocks in long-term and work strategically in the stock market، buying stocks of dry bulk shipping companies will be less risky for them.

On 4 July 2019, Gibraltar seized oil tanker Grace 1. The Gibraltar`s Chief Minister stated that considering the sanctions under European Council Decisions 255 and 36 including prohibition of the sale, supply and export of equipment, goods and technology which might be used for internal repression of the people of Syria and also the restriction on the purchase, import and transfer of the crude oil from Syria which was imposed for the purpose of the reduction of the financial ability of the Syrian government, the main question of the paper is whether the measures taken by the Gibraltar are legally justifiable.

One of the important problems in oil products loading operation at oil depots is tanker trucks delay while awaiting arrival at the depot. Most oil depots around the world aim for optimal allocation of resources. In this paper, we use a queue model of depot with successive services in order to project quantitative results that can be used to assess performance of the Northwest Tehran oil depot. With respect to queue models, we found that the Jackson networks could not meet all the requirements. We, therefore, used simulation techniques to solve the model. We found that the results were a good proxy for actual responses in the real system.Finally by comparing the simulated results with reality it was obvious that changing the loading arm combinations or increasing the capacity of some stations within the depot can decrease the tanker trucks waiting times. Different sensitivity tests were applied to study the effect of different loading arm combinations on tanker trucks waiting time. In this article, results of the sensitivity tests are briefly illustrated.