Chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).An orchestrated interplay of immune cells with numerous inflammatory mediators including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cyclooxygenase 2, and several cytokines promotes colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Recent findings have shown that inflammatory pathways not only are important in the development of CAC but are also involved in the pathogenesis of SPORADIC CRC. Hereby, we review the existing experimental and clinical evidence that suggest a link between inflammation and tumorigenesis in SPORADIC CRC.

Pulmonary Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease of the lung and lymphatic system that primarily affects women of childbearing age. LAM is a progressive disease with a terrible prognosis, which worsens over time and is extremely difficult to treat. In this study, we discuss the case of a 31-year-old woman with LAM who was initially misdiagnosed with leiomyoma and the way that led to a true diagnosis and effective treatment. Following a precise diagnosis based on comprehensive clinical data and particular immunohistochemical tests, sirolimus treatment was initiated, and the patient entirely responded to the treatment. This case report demonstrated that LAM is an uncommon condition that is challenging to diagnose, which causes its treatment to be delayed.

Let $\Gamma$ be a $k-$regular graph with the second maximum  eigenvalue $\lambda$. Then  $\Gamma$ is said o be Ramanujan graph if $\lambda\leq 2\sqrt{k-1}.$ Let $G$ be a finite group  and $\Gamma=Cay(G,S)$ be a Cayley graph related to $G$.  The aim of this paper is to investigate the Ramanujan Cayley graphs of SPORADIC groups.

Background: The most common neurologic manifestation of gluten sensitivity is ataxia, which accounts for up to 40% of idiopathic SPORADIC ataxia. Timing of diagnosis of gluten ataxia is vital as it is one of the very few treatable causes of SPORADIC ataxia and causes irreversible loss of Purkinje cells.Antigliadin antibody (AGA) of the IgG type is the best marker for neurological manifestations of gluten sensitivity.This study was conducted to measure the prevalence of gluten ataxia in a group of Iranian patients with idiopathic ataxia.Methods: For 30 patients with idiopathic cerebellar ataxia, a questionnaire about clinical and demographic data was completed. Serum AGA (IgA and IgG) and antiendomysial antibody (AEA) were assessed. Gluten ataxic patients underwent duodenal biopsy. Magnetic resonance imaging was done for all patients to see if cerebellar atrophy is present.Results: Only 2 patients had a positive IgG AGA (6.7%) who both had a positive AEA while none of them showed changes of celiac disease in their duodenal biopsies. Only presence of gastrointestinal symptoms and pursuit eye movement disorders were higher in patients with gluten ataxia.Conclusion: Prevalence of gluten ataxia in Iranian patients with idiopathic ataxia seems to be lower than most of other regions. This could be explained by small sample size, differences in genetics and nutritional habits and also effect of serologic tests in clinical versus research setting. Further researches with larger sample size are recommended.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Understanding of the tumor behavior, in a much closer look, at the molecular level, results in a more effective treatment and accurate prognosis of the disease. From among various genes altered in colorectal cancer K-ras is assumed to be of diagnostic and prognostic significance. K-ras mutations are believed to be a critical event in colorectal oncogenesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that 40% (20-50%) of CRCs harbor a mutant allele of K-ras oncogene. The mutations are limited to codons 12, 13, and 61 of the gene, with a great incidence at codon 12. The localization of mutations has given mutated K-ras an advantage of sensitive and simple detection over APC or p53 in which mutations are spread in their whole DNA sequence. To determine the incidence of K-ras mutations in CRC in Iran, compared with other countries, DNA was isolated from a random collection of 55 colorectal carcinoma samples, and codon 12 K-ras mutations were detected by RFLP. K-ras mutations in SPORADIC colorectal cancer in Iran are relatively frequent, with an incidence of 65%. This may be attributed to variation in methodology and to characteristics of the population studied such as differences in genetic background and variability in environmental factors and epidemiologic parameters such as diet, social lifestyle status, and other parameters that could be specific to the Iranian population. Correlation between the presence of codon 12 mutation and various clincopathological parameters was also investigated. A significant correlation was found with poor tumor differentiation of tumor samples. This places much emphasis on the role of promotion of differentiation as the most prominent effect of Ras.

Background and Aim: Colorectal cancers often arise from benign polyps. Adenomatous polyps and serrated polyps progress step by step to adenocarcinoma and change to malignant cancers. Genetic and epigenetic changes have relationship with specific stages in polyp-adenocarcinoma progression and colorectal cancer histopathological changes. In this study we applied immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in SPORADIC colorectal polyps to assay functional status of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 proteins. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study we assessed all patients with SPORADIC colorectal polyps admitted and performed polypectomy in gastrointestinal department of Taleghani Hospital from 2004 to 2008. Results: IHC was abnormal in 6.8%, 4.5%, 3%, and 4.8% for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2, respectively. In all cases with abnormal PMS2, MLH1 was abnormal, while the same story happened with abnormal MSH2 and MSH6 (p<0.001). IHC staining results showed significant differences according to polyp location, and mean age of the patient (p<0.05). Meanwhile, adenomatous polyps and serrated adenoma polyps showed significant differences when MLH1 and PMS2 were considered (p<0.05). Conclusion: IHC staining is suggested for serrated adenoma specially those in left colon. However, IHC staining for right-sided polyps may not have increased benefits for patients' management.

Background: Today, cancer is one of the major health problems worldwide, and the importance of this disease in our country is growing. This cancer is the third cause of death and accounts for the second largest group of non-transmissible chronic diseases. Colorectal cancer is the most common gastrointestinal cancer and includes 10% of deaths from cancer around the world. Different genetic and environmental factors play a role in causing of this cancer and in this study we investigated the environmental factors associated with colorectal cancer in Isfahan, Iran.Methods: In this case - control study, 125 patients with colorectal cancer, who had positive results by colonoscopy, were selected as case group from colorectal cancer center in Isfahan (Seyed Al Shohada Hospital) and 135 people, had a negative colonoscopy results, were selected as control group, from the same center. Cases and controls were matched by age, sex and place of residence. According to the aim of the study to investigate the cause factors of the SPORADIC colorectal cancer, patients who had a positive family history were excluded. Extracted data included age, sex, activity, diet, consumption of NSAIDs, smoking and BMI. Data were analyzed using a logistic regression model after entry into the SPSS software.Findings: From the total patients studied, 9.51% were male, 1.48% female, mean age of patients was 58.32±11.002. Through multiple analysis, an inverse relationship was found between physical activity (OR=0.49, CI 95%: 0.34-0.7) and non-steroidal drugs (OR=0.07, CI95%: 0.02-0.2) with colorectal cancer.Moreover, a positive association was found between dietary fat intake and colorectal cancer (OR=4.86, CI 95%: 2.96-5.45). In this study, no correlation was found between smoking and BMI with colorectal cancer.Conclusion: Due to the fact that colorectal cancer is preventable and its increased incidence, educational interventions, disease screening and identifying the role of diet and physical activities in the disease appears to be necessary.