This study was carried out on the social history of the village in Iran and to identify and categorize the social issues in the villages of Salas area in 1325 AH. Despite the importance of rural society in Iranian history and the eve of the Constitutional Revolution, few studies have focused on issues of the peasant movement and territorial issues, relying on observers, activists, and little reflection on rural issues in the media at the time. While understanding rural society requires a deep and comprehensive understanding of social relationships based on a comprehensive description of the reality of the community in question at any given time. The present study was conducted on the basis of a set of legal documents (Execution Office, 1325 AH) related to a sample province (Mahallah Salas and Shaghaghi), comprising a homogeneous community of middle villages, Garmrood and Sarab, to ask what were the challenges and social issues of the rural communities in question? According to the nature of the question, the qualitative research paper is identified and extracted by reviewing the relevant documentation, processing their themes, analyzing them, and finally organizing them into conceptual frameworks and qualitative categories. The results showed that the most important challenges and social issues of the rural community in question were as follows: financial challenges, acts of violence and social strife, robbery, slavery, and refusal of financial obligations, family challenges, nonpayment. Court taxes, non-property damage claims, property seizures and more.

Interception and repatriation of asylum seekers in different maritime zones has been a common practice of the coastal states in recent years. This situation is in contrast with the coastal states' obligations to assist asylum seekers and that the study of its dimensions is one of the object and purposes of this article. The research method is descriptive-analytical and relies on the provisions of the UNCLOS, SOLAS and SAR Conventions. Main research question is what is the Coastal State's international obligations in rendering assistance to asylum seekers and avoiding interception and push back of their ship in different maritime zones? Research findings show that the Coastal State is obligated to cooperate with the ship's Master and its flag State to rescue people in distress at sea, asylum seekers disembarkation and provide them a safe haven in its territory. However, the interdiction of asylum seekers from the Territorial Waters and the Contiguous Zone is justified by the provisions of the UNCLOS and from the High Seas and the Exclusive Economic Zone with bilateral agreements, which however is not an accepted practice.

The new regulation on long-range identification and tracking of ships (LRIT) which is included in SOLAS Chapter V on Safety of Navigation is one of the IMO measures to improve maritime safety and SOLAS contracting governments are required to setup this system. The SOLAS regulation on LRIT enables the states to share LRIT information for security and search and rescue purposes and to exchange information on identity, location, and date and time position of the ships using modern information and communication technologies. This study tries to investigate the performance of LRIT system in respect to information exchange and data sharing. In this paper, the rights, duties, and obligations of the states in setting up and operating of LRIT system is also discussed.

the role of maritime transportation in international relations, and the need for safe navigation reveal the significance of aids to navigation and its notification. To improve safe navigation, national and international communities enforce regulations on notification of aids to navigation. Every year, because of massive marine accidents, partly as a result of non-compliance with technical and safety issues, and their effects on the marine environment, this article has focused on examining the national and international regulations concerning the notification through the deployment of navigational aid signals, especially the provisions of the SOLAS and IALA, to prevent possible accidents. The research done in this survey shows the need for a coherent policy on notification through the deployment of navigational aid signals at the national and international levels for the maritime safety and prevention of the relatedaccidents. We hope that the Islamic Republic of Iran too may compile and codify comprehensive rules and regulations in this area which is the role and duty of the PMO as the custodian of the Maritime Affairs according to Article 71 of Iran Constitution.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The right to life is a fundamental and fundamental human right. Despite the idea that all human lives are equal under the law, the specific characteristics of the seafarers' profession indicate that they should be given more attention and protection. In recent years, issues related to seafarers' welfare have been addressed in the Maritime Labour Convention, which came into force in 2013. However, the right to life of seafarers from a behavioral perspective must be also given fundamental attention. The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea or SOLAS is an international treaty that aims to determine minimum standards for the construction, equipment, and operation of ships regarding their safety to ensure the safety of life at sea. This convention has been supplemented over time-based on human necessity and need, and several versions have been developed and adopted. The current version of the SOLAS Convention was adopted in 1974 and entered into force on May 25, 1980. Methodology: In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method, the study of the desirable governance of Iranian naval vessels in protecting the right to life of individuals was examined based on treaties and customary laws governing the protection of human life at sea. We assume that Iranian military vessels are obliged to protect human life at sea and provide assistance and rescue based on the laws of the Iranian Civil Code. In addition to Iranian laws, the right to life is one of the rights protected in human rights and customary international law and relevant conventions in protecting human life and ensuring that governments accept responsibility in this regard. Findings: The law of the sea and maritime conventions impose a long-standing duty on States Parties to rescue persons in distress, which is one of the most important instruments in maintaining the safety of life at sea, and States are the guarantors of these norms. The public order of the oceans, including the protection of human rights for all people, is the collective responsibility of the international community, especially States Parties. It is primarily States that are responsible for the implementation of human rights, including the right to life of persons at sea, and secondly, flag States, coastal States, and port States all have a legal and moral responsibility for the right to life of persons at sea under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, based on humanitarian principles. Conclusion: The right to life is considered a fundamental right of every human being, which has been repeatedly emphasized in human rights declarations and conventions. It is essential that military and commercial seafarers, as part of human society, be protected from the dangerous factors that threaten this right, both at sea and in ports, from a normative, structural, and behavioral perspective. The duty to protect human life is included in international customs and treaties as one of the most fundamental legal principles at the national and international levels, and governments are obliged to carry out search and rescue operations in order to save the lives of seafarers at sea based on these regulations. The SOLAS Convention is the most important international maritime treaty on increasing the safety of life in shipping, the initial version of which was drafted in 1914 after the Titanic incident and the final version in 1374. This treaty has been supplemented over time and several versions of it have been drafted and ratified. This convention contains legal principles governing ship construction - sub-assemblies and balance, machinery, and installations, protection, fire detection and suppression, life-saving appliances and equipment, radio communications, safety of navigation, carriage of dangerous goods, status of nuclear ships, management of safe operation of ships, safety measures for high-speed craft, special measures to enhance maritime safety, additional measures for bulk carriers, certification of competency, safety measures for operation of ships in polar waters. Therefore, ships must carry appropriate life-saving appliances including lifeboats, life rafts, life jackets, life rafts, and many others to be used by passengers and crew in emergencies to protect their lives at sea. Carrying life-saving appliances is mandatory under the SOLAS Convention.