Background: Rice is one of the most important agricultural products and main food for more than %25 people in the world. Due to increasing consumption of this product, evaluation of quality and characteristics of cultivated rice in different regions of country is of great importance. Additionally, over the past decades, heavy metals contamination in rice cause to be public concern, thus assessment of heavy metal pollution of rice is necessary. Evaluation the characteristics of rice varieties will allow consumers and producers to prepare rice according to their taste and need. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the amount of lead and cadmium, physicoCHEMICAL PROPERTIES and cooking quality of champa rice in different regions of Baghmalek, Khuzestan.Materials and Methods: In this study, rice cultivated in different regions of Baghmalek was sampled in three replications and transferred to the laboratory for testing. PhysicoCHEMICAL tests including protein, moisture content, ash, total solid, amylose content and thousand grain weight were evaluated based on national standard of Iran. Cadmium and lead content of rice cultivated in different region of Baghmalek were evaluated. Cooking PROPERTIES of studied rice including cooking time, water absorption, leakage, gelatinization grade and Elongation of rice were evaluated. The tests were performed in a completely randomized design with SAS software and analyzed by Duncan test at a probability level of 5%.Results: The results of proximate test including (carbohydrate, protein, total solid, ash and moisture) showed that significant difference was between samples cultivated in different region of Baghmalek. In all samples, except for one samples, amylose content were 20-21%. The results of heavy metal evaluation indicated Cd in all samples were in permissible limit but lead content in imported rice and cultivated rice in Sidon and Meydavoud was more than permissible limit. Studied samples with regard to lenght were in medium category and Elongation of rice was in the range of 1.39-1.74. The gelatinization grade of studied samples was in the range of 3.25-4.17. Evaluation of cooking PROPERTIES including cooking time, water absorption and leakage indicated it was significant difference between studied samples. Thousand grain weight of studied samples had been significant difference and was in the range of 13.07-18.86.Conclusion: In general, selected rice samples from different regions of Baghmalek exhibited a significant difference in physicoCHEMICAL PROPERTIES. With regard to cooking PROPERTIES and quality, rice samples had desirable status and were comparable to imported rice. Evaluation of the safety status of studied rice samples suggests that control of cultivated regions is necessary.

Arid environments often support a low cover of vascular plants, which provide a niche for non-vascular plants such as mosses and lichens. In these environments, bryophytes and lichens are the principal visual components of biological SOIL crusts.Available information indicates that biological SOIL crusts contribute to a variety of ecological functions. The present study was carried out in Qara Qir ranges of Golestan province in order to find the effects of non -vascular plants (mosses and lichens) on SOIL CHEMICAL characteristics. For this purpose, SOIL sampling was performed in crusted and non-crusted areas at depths of 0-5 and 5-20 cm.PROPERTIES of Ec, pH, OC, N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, and CI related to crusted and non-crusted SOILs were compared using independent t test. Results indicated that in 0-5 cm layer pH, OC, N (P’ 0.01) and P (P' 0.05) were significantly different in encrusted and uncrusted SOILs while in 5-20 cm layer only OC and N showed significant differences (P' 0.01). Crusted SOILs had higher levels of OC, N and P.

This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of crop rotation and various tillage systems on the CHEMICAL and biological PROPERTIES of SOIL in the years 2013-2015. The first order factor included cropping systems: a) crop rotation (pea-winter wheat-spring wheat) and b) monoculture of winter wheat, whereas the second order factor were tillage systems: 1) conventional (CT), 2) reduced (RT) and 3) No-tillage (NT). In the autumn season, in the CT system, shallow ploughing (at the depth of 10-12 cm) and pre-winter ploughing (25-30 cm) were applied for pea and spring wheat crops, whereas shallow ploughing and pre-sow ploughing (20-22 cm) were applied for winter wheat crop, in the RT system, only a cultivator was applied for spring wheat and pea crops as well as a cultivator and a tillage set for winter wheat, in the NT system glyphosate was applied on all plots as well as a cultivator and a tillage set were used before winter wheat sowing. The study demonstrated that the SOIL sampled from plots with crop rotation contained more organic C and available forms of P, K and Mg and that it was characterized by a higher activity of dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease than the SOIL sampled from monoculture. In addition, it was characterized by a higher number of earthworms than the SOIL from monoculture. The RT and NT systems affected an increase in the contents of organic C and total N and in the enzymatic activity of SOIL, compared to the CT system.

The present study is to elucidate and efficacy of Ultra-fine slag and Calcium Chloride in improving the Engineering characteristics of expansive SOIL. An experimental program has evaluated the effects of Ultra-fine slag 3%, 6%, 9% and CaCl2 0.25%, 0.5%,  1.0%, Free swell index, swelling potential, swell pressure, plasticity, compaction, strength, hydraulic conductivity, Cation Exchange Capacity and microstructural XRD, SEM tests of expansive SOIL and also a statistical tool was used to predict the experimental values of unconfined compressive strength of the SOIL. Both admixtures were added independently and blended to the expansive SOIL. Mixing of Ultra-fine slag, CaCl2 and expansive SOIL results have shown that plasticity index, hydraulic conductivity, swelling PROPERTIES of blends decreased and dry unit weight and unconfined compressive strength is increased in combination of SOIL +6% of Ultra-fine slag + 1% CaCl2. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the samples is again found to decrease slightly beyond 6% Ultra-fine slag and 1% CaCl2. It was found that the optimum quantity of material for a favorable combination of SOIL +6% of Ultra-fine slag + 1% CaCl2 was taken for further study in view of its economy due to lower CaCl2 content.

In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost on physical and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SOIL, an experiment was carried out in split plot based on complete randomized block design in three replications in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. The physical and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SOIL included bulk density, particle density, total porosity, water holding capacity, field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water capacity, pH, organic carbon and electrical conductivity in SOIL. Six levels of fertilizer treatments (T1= control, T2= CHEMICAL fertilizer, T3= 20 tons vermicompost + 1/2 T2, T4 = 20 tons / hac vermicompost + 1/2 T2, T5= 40 tons vermicompost + 1/2 T2 and T6= 40 tons / hac vermicompost) and three levels of application years, one year of fertilization (1385), two consecutive years of fertilization (1385 and 1386) and three consecutive years of fertilization (1385, 1386, 1387). The results of the study showed that the application of these treatments in SOIL were significantly effective in increasing the total porosity, water holding capacity, field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water capacity, organic carbon electrical conductivity and in decreasing the bulk density, particle density and pH compared to control. In Contrast years of consumption of fertilizer did not have any significant effect on the physical PROPERTIES of the SOIL except for FC, PWP, AWC, pH, OC and EC. The interaction between years of consumption of fertilizers were significantly different only in particle density and field capacity.

Study of turbidity current hydrodynamics plays an important role in increasing the economical life of dams though reduction in sediment accumulation. In the present experimental study, the effect of entrance Froude number of turbidity current in sub and super critical conditions (Fr=0.6-3.5) have been tested through effect of change related to opening height of entrance gate on vertical distribution of flow velocity and sediment concentration under two dimensional flow conditions. The experiments were run in a 12 m-long by 0.2 m-wide by 0.5 m-high channel. Vertical distribution velocity was measured by Acoustic Doppler Velocitimeter (ADV). In present study the profile of concentration were computed through ABS method. The results show that due to increasing in height of opening entrance gate, the value of velocity in profiles increase. Also height opening entrance gate with the value of concentration in vertical distribution have the non-direct correlation. Also the results show that the equivalent height of average velocity is about 0.8 times of the depth-averaged thickness of the current. Furthermore, the results show that the equivalent height of average concentration is to be about 0.35-0.5 times the depth-averaged thickness of the current.

Reclamation is needed on about 130 thousand hectares of saline-sodic SOILs in the Golestan province. This field experiment was conducted on a saline-sodic SOIL to compare changes in CHEMICAL PROPERTIES after various treatments. Treatments were: (i) gypsum, (ii) sulphuric acid, (iii) sulphur and (iv) a control. Also, 60 cm of water added to all treatments for leaching. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, exchangeable Na+, Na+, Ca+2 and Mg+2 of the SOIL in the saturated paste extract under each treatments were measured in the 30 cm and 60 cm SOIL depths after 40 days. All statistical analysis were performed using the SAS software package.Desalinization and desodification processes were observed in all the treatments. Gypsum and sulphuric acid application increased the soluble Ca+2 Mg+2 and decreased the soluble Na+ in the top 60 cm of SOIL. Therefore, gypsum and sulphuric acid application significantly decreased SAR, EC and pH in the top 60 cm of SOIL. Sulphur decreased SAR, EC and pH when compared to control in the top 60 cm of SOIL. But non-significantly decreased these same parameters. In general, for surface SOIL improvement, gypsum and sulphuric acid application was the most effective of the treatments used.

Introduction: SOIL moisture regime refers to the presence or absence either of ground water or of water held at a tension of less than 1500 kPa in the SOIL or in specific horizons during periods of the year. It is the most important factor in SOIL formation, SOIL evolution and fertility affecting on crop production and management. Also, it widely is practical in SOIL classification and SOIL mapping. The SOIL moisture regime depends on the SOIL PROPERTIES, climatic and weather conditions, characteristics of natural plant formations and, in cultivated SOILs, is affected by the characteristics of crops grown, as well as the cultivation practices. Determination of SOIL moisture regime within a landscape scale requires high information and data about moisture balance of SOIL profile during some years according to SOIL Survey Manual (2010). This approach is very expensive, labor, time and cost consuming. Therefore, achievement to an alternative approach is seems essential to overcome these problems. The main hypothesis of this study was to use capability of magnetic susceptibility as a cheap and rapid technique could determine the SOIL moisture regimes. Magnetic PROPERTIES of SOILs reflect the impacts of SOIL mineral composition, particularly the quantity of ferrimagnetic minerals such as maghemite and magnetite. Magnetic susceptibility measurements can serve a variety of applications including the changes in SOIL forming processes and ecological services, understanding of lithological effects, insight of sedimentation processes and SOIL drainage.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in an area located between 36°46َ’ 10˝ and 37° 2’ 28˝N latitudes, and 54° 29’ 31˝and 55° 12’ 47˝E longitudes in Golestan province, northern Iran. In the study region mean annual temperature varies from 12.4 to 19.4 °C. The average annual rainfall and evapotranspiration varies from 230 mm and 2335 mm in Inchebrun district (Aridic regime), to 732 mm and 846 mm in Touskstan uplands (Udic regime), respectively. this study was conducted in four SOIL moisture regimes (Aridic, Xeric, Udic and Aquic), for exploring the relationships between SOIL PROPERTIES and magnetic measures. In each regimes, 25 SOIL profiles were drug, described and SOIL samples were collected from each of SOIL horizons. SOIL samples were airdried and sieved using a 2 mm sieve. The dithionite-citrate bicarbonate (DCB) method was used to measure Fed and acid ammonium oxalate for Feo. In this study, a set of environmental magnetic parameters including magnetic susceptibility at low frequency (clf), saturation isothermal remnant magnetization (SIRM), isothermal remnant magnetization (IRM100 mT) were measured. Magnetic susceptibility (c) was measured at low frequency (0.47 kHz; clf) and high frequency (4.7 kHz; chf) using a Bartington MS2 dual frequency sensor using approximately 20 g of SOIL held in a four-dram clear plastic vial (2.3 cm diameter). Frequency dependent susceptibility (cfd) was determined by the difference between the high and low frequency measurements as a percentage of c at low frequency. IRM was measured at the field of 100 mT generated in a Molspin pulse magnetizer (IRM100mT) and at the back field of 100mT (IRM − 100mT). The IRM acquired in the maximum field of 1000 mT was measured and defined as the saturation isothermal remnant magnetization (SIRM) of the SOIL sample.Results and Discussion: The results showed that moisture regime induced significant differences for SOIL physical and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. Diversities in genetic SOIL horizons and SOIL development degree have been increased from Aridic to Udic SOIL moisture regime. The results also indicated that selected PROPERTIES including magnetic measures and physical and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES were significantly different in four SOIL moisture regimes. With increasing rainfall and reducing temperature from aridic to udic SOIL moisture regime, SOIL organic matter was increased. Otherwise, in arid environment Gypsic, Calcic and Salic horizons were observed in the near of SOIL surface. Fed and Fed-Feo were the highest in udic and the lowest in udic SOIL moisture regime, respectively. Moreover, higher SOIL development because of climate effect leaded to higher amount of pedogenic ferromagnetic minerals, as well as the highest were observed in the Udic regime. Otherwise, in Aquic moisture regime, the lowest value of magnetic susceptibility was obtained because of dissolution of ferromagnetic minerals (magnetite and maghemite) under supersaturating condition. In overall, close relationships were observed between SOIL physical and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES and magnetic measures in various SOIL moisture regimes.

Increasing population, limitation of water resources, and also enormous volume of municipal wastewater and need to dispose of these wastewaters safety, has been increased of necessity of reuse of wastewater. Disposal of wastewater in SOIL is one of the most economical methods of their disposal. Different SOIL characteristics, type of wastewater and method of its application are issues that affect wastewater treatment efficiency in the SOIL. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in 12 polyethylene columns during 7 periods of 15 days in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A statistical “factorial design” was used. Raw and treated wastewaters from Parkandabad Treatment Plant were applied under continuous and intermittent flood conditions in columns filled with silty loam SOIL. At the end of experiment, SOIL columns were divided and SOIL samples from depths of 0-25, 25-50 and 50-100 cm each column were collected. PROPERTIES such as pH, salinity, concentration of NO3, PO4, TOC, Ni and Cd were measured in SOIL solution samples and also Leachates were taken in each period of experiment. The result showed that the mean values of each of the above mentioned parameters, with exception of pH and salinity, were lower in leachate compared to the wastewaters entering the SOIL. However, with continuous application of wastewaters increase in the amount of these components (with exception of salinity and Ni) were observed. The amount of Cd in leachate samples of any periods was undetected. Considering the effect of wastewater application on SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, value of all parameters (except salinity) in comparison to their initial values have increased in the SOIL solution. Based on the above results, disposal of wastewaters (especially raw wastewater) on SOIL should be managed carefully. So that by sound usage of wastewaters, environmental risks resulting from disposal of them are reducing to the lowest level in nature.