Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) occurs in all soybean- producing regions worldwide. The damage due to infection by SMV vary, depending on the host cultivar, strain of the virus, and environmental factors. An introduction of soybean resistant cultivars is possible through knowledge of the kind of virus strain prevalent in a region. In this study, efforts were made to detect SMV strains in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. During June, July and August 2002, 253 samples suspected of being infected with SMV were collected from various soybean fields in these provinces. By serological tests (ELISA, Dot-Blot, and TPIA), 147 samples were found to be infected with SMV. Following biological purification, based on different kinds of symptoms, 47 isolates were selected for further studies. These isolates were classified into four groups (I, II, III, IY) based on reactions of inoculated differential soybean cultivars (Buffalo, Davis, Kwanggyo, Marshall, Ogden, and York). Group-I did not infect any of the resistant cultivars. Two cultivars (Marshall, Ogden), four cultivars (Davis, Marshall, Ogden, York), and three cultivars (Davis, York, Kwanggyo) were infected by SMV groups-II, III, and IV, respectively. Results indicated that identified groups, I, II, III and IV, belong to strains SMV-G1, G3, G4 and G5 [described by Cho and Goodman (1979)], respectively. Two primer pairs (SMV-G2, G7) to prime the amplification of a fragment in the coding region of cylindrical inclusion protein were used in RT-PCR assay for differentiation of strains. All strains produced a 277- bp using SMV-G7 primers. But no fragments were amplified from RNA extracted from any of the strains using SMV-G2 primers. RT-PCR confirmed the results of differentiation of strains based upon reactions of inoculated differential host.

Call centers have become one of the most cost effective ways of selling products to customers and giving services to them in different industries. By applying knowledge management solutions, we can meet call centers’ challenges and gain benefits of reduced training costs, improved call handling and greater flexibility. This paper describes an agent mediated knowledge management system in call centers using the Tropos methodology. We use structure-in-5 for architectural design which specifies that our KM system is an aggregation of five substructures. Furthermore we develop a formal methodology and technique to verify the validity of communication protocols defined in a multi-agent environment. This is accomplished by examining agent conversations before deploying the system. The methodology leads to the definition of six different classes of agents. Our experiments develop proof of concept module for a call center that automatically verifies some of the important properties identified in this methodology. Results prove the agent’s specification and indicate that our proposed model works accurately. The paper concludes with observations on the call centers and the role of agents in the proposed model.

During two growing seasons in years 2000 and 2001, soybean leaf samples suspected of soybean mosaic virus were collected from various soybean fields in Mazandaran and Gorgan, Northeast Iran provinces. Soybean seed samples obtained, were sown in pots to investigate SMV infections under greenhouse conditions SMV infections in the field were quite varied and thus could not be used to demonstrate the rate of SMV infection. For propagation of the virus, several susceptible test plants such as different soybean cultivars were inoculated and employed in the greenhouse study. In addition, serological tests, using specific polyclonal antisera against SMV, were employed to detect the virus in the samples. SMV was purified applying two different methods. Electron microscopy showed the virus particles to be filamentous and rod shaped. The best serological agar media in double diffusion test included 0.8g agarose, 0.85 g NaCl, 0.25g SDS and 0.025g NaN3 in 100ml distilled water. During the course of the study, SMV was found to be the most predominant virus in the area, and mosaic was the most common symptom of SMV infection. The distribution of SMV was similar in either of the two provinces. In a few soybean fields in Gorgan (Hashemabad) and Mazandaran (Dashte Naze, Neka, Gaz, Jooibar and Badeleh) provinces, SMV infection was extremely serious. Only 10-15 percent of seeds sown gave rise to infected seedlings. Western immunoblot analysis revealed a single coat protein subunit of about 28 kDa in the purified viral protein as well as in SMV infected leaf samples.

Simvastatin is a hypolipidemic drug used with exercise, diet and weight – loss to control elevated cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia. It is a member of the Statin class of pharmaceuticals. This paper delives voltammetric techniques is an electrochemical technique used in analytical applications and fundamental studies of electrode mechanism. This review summarizes some of the recent development and application of direct different electrodes in electrochemical for drug Simvastatin in their dosage forms and biological samples as reported in the period 1948 till 2017 years.

Introduction: Symptomatic superior mesenteric vein (SMV) occlusion/stenosis is uncommon. Known causes include pancreatitis, post-surgery, and malignancies such as pancreatic cancer and carcinoid mid-gut tumours. Open surgery is often challenging or impossible to perform due to tumour encasement and patient co-morbidities. The current literature regarding cases of interventional treatment of isolated SMV occlusion is limited. Case Presentation: A 79-year-old female with a background of small bowel neuroendocrine tumour presented with anaemia and large volume rectal bleeding. CT imaging performed on admission demonstrated a stable neuroendocrine mass completely surrounding the superior mesenteric artery with obliteration of the SMV. The middle colic vein branches were engorged with active bleeding. Urgent embolization was performed. However, there were multiple episodes of persistent bleeding. SMV stenting was performed under general anaesthesia. Using ultrasound guidance, a 6 French sheath was inserted into segment VI branch of the portal vein. Selective catheterization of the main portal vein was performed. Venography confirmed that there was complete occlusion of the SMV. A wire was inserted into the SMV up to the middle colic vein branches and passed the region of stenosis. Angiography confirmed venous congestion and dilated veins. Pre-angioplasty of the SMV was completed with a 4x100 balloon. A 10 x 100 stent was then deployed and post-dilated using an 8x60 balloon. Final venogram showed complete recanalization of the SMV with no evidence of distal venous congestion. The transhepatic tract was embolised with one 3-2 embolisation coil and gel-foam plugs. There were no further bleeding episodes. Data were collected following ethics requirements. Conclusions: SMV stenting was successful in relieving haemorrhage from engorged vessels formed by venous congestion. Our experience adds to the limited evidence that SMV stenting can be a viable and an effective intervention in the management of symptomatic SMV occlusion.

Introduction: Among legumes, soybean [Glycine max (L. ) Merr. ] is an important plant that grown throughout the world. There are many pathogens that reduce soybean yield. Plant viral diseases cause serious economic losses in many major crops by reducing yield and quality. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is amongst important pathogens that infect soybean. Plants use resistance genes against the invasive pathogens. The identification mechanism is based on gene-for-gene hypothesis. Plant resistance (R) genes direct recognition of pathogens harboring matching avirulent genes (signals) leading to activation of host defense responses. It has long been hypothesized that under selection pressure the infidelity of RNA virus replication together with large population size and short generation times results in emergence of variants (mutants) capable of evading R-mediated recognition. Four R gene including Rsv1, Rsv3, Rsv4 and newly Rsv5 have found in soybean operating against SMV. Materials and Methods: In this study, Rsv1/Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) pathosystem was used to investigate this hypothesis. Infectious cDNA clones of SMV-N (pSMV-N) and SMV-G7 (pSMV-G7) inoculated biolistically on Essex (rsv1) and SMV-G7d (pSMV-G7d) on Williams82 (rsv1) served as the sources of parental viruses. Sap containing viral progenies in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7. 0, derived from the infected tissues of biolistically inoculated Essex (rsv1) and Williams82 (rsv1) served as inoculum to mechanically inoculate carborundum-dusted primary leaves of other soybean genotypes. Soybean genotypes containing alleles of Rsv1 were inoculated with SMV strains N, G7 and G7d. Soybean genotype Williams82 (rsv1), susceptible to all strains of SMV and Rsv1-genotype soybean PI96983, Kwanggyo (Rsv1-k), Marshal (Rsv1-m), Ogden (Rsv1-t), Raiden (Rsv1-r), Suweon97 (Rsv1-sk) and Touson50 (Rsv1-n) were used in this study. All soybean seed were obtained from field-grown plants shown to be free of SMV by indexing. The inoculated plants were maintained in a growth chamber operating at 22°, C with a photoperiod of 16h light and 8h dark. After twenty one days of post-inoculation, plants were examined by indirect ELISA and RT-PCR. Nested PCR was done and after Sanger sequencing of PCR products, results were analyzed by using Finch TV and MEGA7 software. Total RNA was isolated from top fully-developed systemically infected trifoliate leaves using an RNeasy Plant mini kit (Qiagen) as instructed by the manufacturer. RT-PCR was done in the presence of Superscript reverse-transcriptase III (Invitrogen) as instructed by the manufacturer. Nested PCR amplification of the entire HC-pro and P3 cistrons was done using two pairs of primers, SMV-239s / SMV-3910a and SMV-482s / SMV-3840a, in the presence of EX Taq polymerase (Takara Bio). The resultant amplicons were purified with a QIAquick-PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) or MinElute®,PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) and sequenced using primers SMV-1468s, SMV-1614a, SMV-2289s and SMV-2916s. Sequencing was done at The University of Tennessee DNA Sequencing Facility. Results and Discussion: One out of ten York and Kwanggyo plants and two out of thirty Ogden plants inoculated with viral progeny derived from the reproduction of soybean mosaic virus strain N complementary DNA (c-DNA) molecule on susceptible soybean plants, which was cloned in the laboratory (molecularly cloned SMV-N or pSMV-N) showed viral symptoms and were positive in indirect ELISA. In mechanical inoculation using the sap from these plants, the virus was again transferred to York, Kwanggyo and Ogden plants and subsequently was adapted to these plants. After performing RT-PCR test and determining the full-length sequence of the HC-Pro (Helper Component-Protease) and P3 cistrons of the virus, the position of the point mutation and the amino acid encoded by the nucleotide exchange at the mutation point, using MEGA7 software, was identified. In York and Kwanggyo plants, a point mutation was observed in the HC-Pro whereas in the Ogden plant in the P3 cistron. Conclusion: The evolution of viruses is unavoidably linked to the evolution of their hosts. Due to the mutations in virus genome and the breakdown of resistance of various soybean genotypes, as well as the fact that the genome of the soybean mosaic virus is RNA type and the possibility of mutation is high, it can be a warning sign for plant breeders producing soybean plants with resistance genes to different strains of the virus. RNA viruses apply all known mechanisms of genetic variation to ensure their survival. Also, the intersection of resistant and susceptible genotypes and the study of the allele of resistance genes can be effective in producing resistant genotypes. The identities of different Rsv genes need to be revealed and the key components in SMV resistant signaling pathway need to be identified. So, a good breeding-for-resistance strategy would aim to develop cultivars with resistance against a wide range of strains of SMV. Transgenic soybean lines expressing part of the P3 and HC-Pro genes have been showed a stable and enhanced resistance to several strains of SMV and have the potential to significantly increase soybean yield.

Venous resection and reconstruction are typical during pancreaticoduodenectomy due to pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Multiple treatment options have been offered for venous injury repair. The present study used the peritoneum as a conduit for the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) reconstruction during colon cancer surgery. The case was a 55-year-old woman with colon adenocarcinoma. The SMV damage was six cm in length. The defect was replaced with a peritoneal conduit derived from the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall. Coalition and flow of the SMV were confirmed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography examinations. Peritoneal conduit may be a promising choice for SMV defects in emergent situations due to its availability and lower overall costs.

Background: Vanadium is a potential neurotoxic agent widely distributed in the environment. Understanding the neurotoxic mechanisms of vanadium on learning and memory seems necessary. Methods: We investigated the time-dependent (1-week, 2-week and 4-week) effects of sodium metavanadate (SMV) (25 mg/kg/day; pre-training oral administration) and 4-day intraperitoneal injections of aminoguanidine (AG) as a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg) on spatial memory retention in Morris water maze. Animals were trained for 4 days and tested 48 h after the last training trial. Results: The data showed that 4-week oral pre-treatment with SMV (25 mg/kg/day) induced spatial memory retention deficits and decreased the time spent in the target quadrant. We found that 4-day administration of different doses of AG during training trials significantly decreased the time and distance of finding the hidden platforms. Additionally, SMV-induced spatial memory retention impairments were prevented in animals received combined SMV (25 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks) and AG (10 mg/kg/day, 4 days). Conclusion: Our findings showed the protective role of AG on SMV-induced spatial memory retention deficits.

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) which belongs to the virus family Potyviridae, causes a disease in soybean that is present in soybean-growing areas of the world, and is widely distributed in northern Iran. Detection of SMV is very important for disease management. In the present study several serological and molecular (nucleic acid- based) methods of rapid virus detection were compared. Serological studies including DASELISA, DAC-ELISA, TPIA and DIBA were optimized and compared to identify the virus by using a polyclonal antibody. Among the serological methods, TPIA and DIBA are simple and TPIA is rapidly and easily applicable in the field. However, TPIA was found to be preferable. TPIA is time-saving, not requiring conventional sap extraction and also nitrocellulose membranes used for printing can be used in the field and stored for a long time or transported to other laboratory to be processed. RT-PCR and Immunocapture RT-PCR (IC-RT-PCR) were performed as molecular methods for detecting SMV using a pair of primers designed to amplify a fragment in the coding region of the SMV coat protein. To extract total RNA for RT-PCR, two methods including RNAWIZ and phenolchloroform were used. A part of the coat protein genome of SMV was converted to cDNA using a reverse transcription (RT) reaction. For IC-RT-PCR method, virus partial purification was carried out by solid-phase (0.2 ml microfuge tube) adsorbed polyclonal antibody, and then the RT reaction was carried out in the tube. In both methods cDNAs were amplified by PCR. Both methods amplified the expected fragment in virus-infected plants. Whereas RT-PCR requires total RNA extraction, ICRT- PCR does not have total RNA extraction problems. Our findings suggest that TPIA and IC- RT- PCR can be routinely used for SMV detection, with high efficiency.