The main goal of hydraulic engineers is to design a water intake to deliver the maximum flow discharge with the minimum sediment entry. The optimum delivery angle, three dimensional flow pattern, sedimentation and sediment entry are the major parameters which must be considered at lateral intakes. According to the available literature, in previous studies the optimum water intake angle from main channel with SLOPPING bank and suspended load had not been considered. Therefore, in this study, different sediment and hydraulic experimental tests were carried out at 30, 45, 60 and 90 degrees water intake installed at the bank of a trapezoidal channel. The effects of stream tube dimensions, secondary current and suspended sediment delivery into the intake were assessed for determining the optimum delivery angle. Finally, by analysis of these parameters, the 30 to 45 degrees angles were suggested to be the optimum delivery angles from a main channel with inclined bank.

In this study, the mixing phenomena in a physical model and fluid dynamics in a copper converter were experimentally investigated using a physical model. The physical model is a 1: 5 horizontal tank made of Plexiglas. The mixing phenomena were characterized by experimentally measuring the mixing time using a tracer dispersion technique. Moreover, the effects of the air flow rate and lance submergence on the SLOPPING in the model were studied. The experiments were carried out for the air flow rates of 10, 15, 17 and 20 l/min with the lance submergences of 8.5, 9.5, 10.5 and 11.5 cm. The results showed that the mixing time decreased with increasing both air flow rate and lance submergence. In addition, the SLOPPING reduced as the lance submergence increased while the air flow rate decreased. Based on the results of the mixing time and the SLOPPING, an optimum condition for air injection was obtained which not only ensured the sufficient mixing, but also resulted in less SLOPPING in the model. Furthermore, the mixing times were evaluated in terms of the specific mixing power. A correlation was established for estimating the mixing time in the model with respect to the specific mixing power.

Background and Aim: In PFM restorations, marginal coverage of the metal framework with porcelain, without producing an over contoured margin is necessary to enhance esthetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the marginal integrity of porcelain fused to base metal crown after extension of porcelain to the border of the margin.Materials and Methods: Thirty brass standard dies were prepared and divided into 3 groups of 10, based on different finishing lines: 90° shoulder, 1.2-mm-wide; 135° SLOPPING shoulder, 1.2-mm-wide; and shoulder, 0.7-mm-wide with a 45° bevel, 0.5 mm-long. For each die a brass cap was fabricated according to the specific finishing line to accommodate a 0.5 mm thickness. Two metal copings were made on each die which were used as test and control samples. The marginal gap of each coping was measured at 4 points under a reflective microscope after casting and oxidation. Porcelain was applied and extended to the border of the margins in the test group and 0.5 mm short of the borders in the control group. Marginal gaps were measured once more at the same points after porcelain firing. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test.Results: The marginal gaps of all copings increased after porcelain firing. Extension of porcelain to the border of the margins did not significantly increase the marginal gaps.Conclusion: These results indicated that porcelain can be extended to the border of the crown's margin without producing a significant increase in the marginal gap.

Evaluation of probiotic and antifungal properties of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from different sourdoughs is so important to prepare microbial cultures for fermentation industries. In the present study, a predominant LAB was isolated from oat sourdough through the back-SLOPPING process, and then it was identified using PCR. Subsequently, probiotic properties of the LAB isolate (including resistance to acid and bile, antibacterial effect, auto and co-aggregations capabilities, antibiotic susceptibility and hemolytic activity), as well as its antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger were studied. Sequencing results of the PCR products led to the identification of Pediococcus pentosaceus as predominant LAB isolated from oat sourdough. The survival rate of the LAB isolates after continuous acid and bile treatment was 59. 80% in comparison with the control. The antibacterial effect of the LAB on Bacillus cereus was also significantly (p<0. 05) higher than the other studied food-borne pathogenic agents. Crude cell-free supernatant (CFS) of the LAB completely inhibited the growth of B. cereus, but reduced the growth of Salmonella enterica by 65. 68%. Meanwhile, naturalized CFS of the LAB had no inhibitory effect on these bacteria. Furthermore, the LAB isolates had a proper co-aggregation with Escherichia coli, and showed resistance towards streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and vancomycin antibiotics. The LAB isolates had no hemolytic activity, and its antifungal effect on A. niger was also approved. Accordingly, P. pentosaceus isolate has proper potential to use as probiotic or preservative microbial culture in fermentation industries.

One of the SLOPPING processes which created much damage in many locations of Iran and the world is Landslide phenomenon. Making landslide susceptibility map provides the possibility to recognize susceptible areas and to verify them in the environmental programs. Purpose of this research is mapping susceptibility of landslide in Chardavel watershed in Ilam province by establishing informational layers and effective factors in occurrence of landslide via geographical information system (GIS) and fuzzy logic theory which involves operators fuzzy subscription, algebraic Sum, algebraic product and gamma fuzzy. The location of the landslides was determined by using regional photographs and satellite images and LSM. In this work, input information set in assessment of potential hazardous landslide includes nine factors: slope, aspect, elevation, precipitation, distance from road, distance from fault, distance from drainage, land use, and lithology. For comparing maps resulted from landslide susceptibility mapping by quadruple operators in fuzzy logic, density ratio (Dr) index is used. Based on this index, the map obtained by fuzzy gamma operator is more appropriate than other operators in separating suitably between casts of landslide risk. Thereby, more than 57 percent of landslides in this region occurred in 52.7 percent of the lands and in two cast of high or very high danger. Finally, to estimate the amount of the precision and efficiency of fuzzy quadruplet operators, the evaluation generated maps compared with real zoning maps of basin. Results show that fuzzy gamma map has high overlay with real maps, the highest percent of the overlay of two maps in fifth class (Very High) is 43.3% and the lowest percent of overlay in third class (Moderate) is 12.1%.

Dagh-Baghi is a disregarded garden located in Khoy, a city in the northwest of Iran. Because of its location along with good weather, Khoy has always had great potential to host many gardens. This garden, however, is the only remaining historic garden. The current Dagh Baghi is a meadow in the southern suburb of the city with a few fruit trees. This article studies the spatial structure of the garden and scrutinizes its current conditions as well as archived evidences in order to find the garden's original layout and specification. To achieve the goal, the study will focus on documents as well as study and survey the garden’s remains. Comparing the documents with the result of fieldwork research will clarify the garden's layout and its historic evolution. The garden was found by Amir Ahmad Khan-e Donboli, the commander of Khoy and Salmas in Zand dynasty. The obtained spatial structure reveals a designed terrace garden on a SLOPPING land on a foothill which includes an avenue (Khiyaban) between entrance and a pavilion located at the end of the garden, on the highest terrace. The layout of the garden has been formed by six lawn covered terraces with some fruit trees. Two rows of plane trees define an avenue between a likely entrance hall and the highest terrace which has contained a mansion and a pool in front of it. The terraces have a line of plane trees on the edge and spring’s water flows down from the foothill into the main pool and run through a canal in the middle of the avenue. Except the water canal, the avenue has two pass ways beside the canal which connect the terraces by rows of nine stairs.

Introduction & Objective: In recent years mental health attracts attention of many researchers, and severe emotional stress that can interfere in creation of different organic diseases is one of the most prominent of this aspects. Sudden hearing loss (S.H.L.) is one of these disorders that could followed after stress and eventually may heal completely, relatively or lead to permanent deafness. S.H.L. could influence on interpersonal relationships and in this way could change quality of life negatively, so enough and appropriate attention is necessary. In this research by determination of level of stress we intended to study relationship between mental health and incidence of S.H.L.Materials & Methods: In this case - control study65 patients that referred to otolaryngology services of Hamadan during 2005-2006 with S.H.L. (case group) compared to 89 healthy subjects (control group). Control group were free from any systemic diseases and were matched from sex and age aspects to the case group. In case group after complete audiometric evaluation and confirmation of S.H.L, stress level was assessed using GHQ-28 questionnaire.This questionnaire contained 28 questions in 4 different fields: somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social problems and depression. Linkert scoring method was used for scoring of questionnaires and all data were analyzed using T-Test and chi-square test.Results: During 4 months incidence of S.H.L. in referred patients were 5.1%, significant statistical relationships between S.H.L. and level of stress (P<0.001) and severity of hearing loss and level of stress (P<0.05, r =0.34) were found. The most common audiometric pattern was downward SLOPPING pattern (56.92%). Evaluation of level of stress between two sex groups did not show any significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusion: Stress can be known as one of the predisposing factors of S.H.L. and may be possible to control by paying more attention to the role of self-awareness and education of life skills. In this way reduction of level of stress may be effective in prevention of S.H.L. in some cases.

Background and Objectives: The accurate estimation of the dimensions of the wetting pattern is one of the important parameters in the design of drip irrigation systems, which reduce deep water losses and additional costs of irrigation system design. The wetting dimensions of moisture bulb are affected by the pattern of moisture distribution in the two phases (distribution and redistribution). Various studies have been conducted on the pattern of moisture distribution in sloping lands, but few studies have been carried out or not reported on the pattern of moisture redistribution in these lands. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate and simulate the pattern of moisture redistribution in sloping lands. Also, in similar studies, the dimensions of the wetting pattern have been usually simulated on the soil surface, but in this research, in addition to the dimensions and wetting area, the full shape of the moisture bulb has been simulated. Materials and Methods: In this research, two physical rectangular cubic models with dimensions of 1. 2 * 1. 2 * 0. 6 m and 1. 4 * 1. 2 * 0. 7 m were constructed to monitor the soil moisture advance front. These experiments were carried out for four different slopes (0, 10, 20 and 30%), three soil types with different textures (coarse, medium, fine) and three emitter discharges (2, 4, and 6 lit/hour). This study was aimed to simulate the wetting area in a drip irrigation system on slope land. The duration of irrigation was 4 hours and the redistribution wetting front was recorded for different times (e. g., 3, 6, 18, 42, and 66 h) on the Polycarbonate plate. Then, using the nonlinear regression analysis several equations were proposed to predict the redistribution pattern in SLOPPING lands. In the proposed models, emitter flow rate, the volume of applied water, irrigation time, saturated hydraulic conductivity, the soil bulk density, the land slope, the percentage of sand, silt, and clay were utilized. Also, using an enhanced proposed model, the full shape of wetting bulb was estimated. Results: The suggested models had the high accuracy in heavy soils with the average values of RMSE and MAE for the wetted radius equal to 0. 34 and 0. 28 cm, respectively. RMSE and MAE values for the wetted area were 0. 0018 and 0. 0014 m 2, respectively. The suggested models had the low accuracy in light soils and RMSE and MAE statistical indices for wetting radius were 0. 44 and 0. 37 cm and for wetting area were 0. 0029 and 0. 0022, respectively. The values of calculated statistical indices for the wetted depth of the moisture redistribution front were similar for all the studied treatments and the values of RMSE and MAE varied between 0. 43-0. 5 and 0. 31-0. 39 cm, respectively. Also, the CRM values of the models are mostly positive and their NS is about 0. 99 for all the studied treatments. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the suggested models have higher precision in heavy soils than light soils. Also, the suggested models have acceptable ability to estimate the wetting radius, upstream and downstream area of the emitter, the wetting depth as well as the full shape of the moisture bulb. The prediction values of the models were mostly underestimated. Therefore, the use of these models recommended for determining the exact location of the emitters in sloping lands, to reduce deep percolation losses and optimal use of water via the plant.

Background and objectives: Biological control of erosion in sloping lands and recognizing the effects of plant species, which are used for rangeland improvement, is the most effective and sustainable method for stabilizing and controlling soil fertility in rangeland. Variations of plants composition cause extensive changes in the soil so that in the short term return to the original state is limited. The interactions of plant species on soil have been studied in various research. Tree species with creating litter, have positive effects on physical and chemical properties of soil, and their loss due to various factors leads to a decrease in soil quality characteristics. The aim of this study is investigation the effects of plant species planted to improve and rehabilitation slope lands on recovering of soil characteristics of Kakhk watershed. Methodology: Kakhk watershed with 37. 2 Km2 area in northeastern of Iran is located between 58° 31ʹ 12ʺ to 58° 37ʹ 08ʺ E longitude and 34° 02ʹ 13ʺ to 34° 05ʹ 04ʺ N latitude. The average annual rainfall of the basin is 243 mm. The project of improving and rehabilitating the destroyed lands and pastures in this watershed including sub-projects of planting fruit tree and non-fruit trees, shrub planting, range seeding, seeding, and mount culture Which started in 1993 and has continued until 2006. Slope, direction of slope, altitude, and geology maps of the basin was prepared with GIS software and by overlying them homogeneous work unit maps was obtained. Sampling sites were selected under similar condition of geology and topography. Soil sampling was done randomly and systematically from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth of understory soil of Prunus amygdalus, Pinus eldarica, Rhus Coriaria and bare area (control treatment). soil texture by hydrometric method, amount of organic matter by Valky block method, pH of saturated soil extract with pH meter, electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract with EC meter, total nitrogen by Kjeldahl method, absorbable phosphorus by Olsen method, lime, potassium, and Bicarbonate of soil samples was measured in soil science laboratory. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare between several independent groups. Also, the comparison of means and differences between groups was investigated using LSD and Dunnett t3 test. Results: The highest percentage of Nitrogen (0. 054), Potassium (270 mg/kg), Phosphorus (6. 6 mg/kg), and the percentage of organic matter (0. 96) were observed in understory soil of R. coriaria and the highest percentage of lime (7. 91) was observed in P. eldarica understory soil. Their lowest values were 0. 017, 96. 33, 1. 92, 0. 3, and 2. 87, respectively, in the soil of control area. The analysis of variance results showed that there was no significant difference at the level of 5% between the amount of acidity, salinity in all soil depth, and bicarbonate in depth of 30-60 and 0-60 centimeters of soil in different treatments. The percent of sand, silt, and clay also have a significant difference at the level of 5% between treatments in total soil depth (0-60 cm). The average amount of Nitrogen and organic matter of control area in depth of 0-30 cm have a significant difference at a 5% level with P. Amygdalus, P. Eldarica, R. Coriaria treatments. There are a significant difference at a 5% level between the average of potassium (137. 67 mg/kg), organic matter (0. 55 %), and lime (8. 04 %) in understory soil (0-30cm) of P. Eldarica treatment with R. Coriaria region (278. 67 mg/kg, 1. 07 % and 4. 38% respectively) and only in term of lime have a significant difference with P. Amygdalus treatment. The mean of phosphorus (6. 26 mg/kg) and organic matter (0. 84%) in P. Amygdalus treatment are significantly different from the control area (1. 82 mg/kg and 0. 32% respectively) but not significantly different with P. Eldarica and R. Coriaria. The soil of 0 to 30 cm depth in the R. Coriaria cultivation area was the most different from the control area in terms of studied chemical parameters. The average amount of Nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, organic matter and silt of control area in depthes of 30 to 60 cm showed a significant difference at 5% level with P. Amygdalus, R. Coriaria treatments. Soil pH and EC in none of the treatments and studied depths did not show a significant difference with the soil in the control area at the level of 5%. Conclusion: The results of this research showed the planting of different trees species in Kakhk watershed has been causes changes in some physical and chemical properties of soil. The R. Coriaria and P. Amyigdalus species more than P. Eldarica provide soil fertility by increasing the minerals Such potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter in the their understory soil without significant increasing unhelpful indicators such as salinity. Since Rh. coriaria has better ability for establish and growth in the SLOPPING lands, so it can be used as a suitable species to repairing and rehabilitation of destroyed mountain pastures in Gonabad County.