A B S T R A C T Tourism as a socio-economic activity plays an essential role in the economic, social, physical, and cultural dimensions of rural settlements in developing countries, which can have significant impacts on rural physical identity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of tourism on the identity changes of rural settlements in Oraman area of Sarvabad Township in Kurdistan province. Therefore, the present study questions 1. What is the relationship between tourism development and rural identity changes in the study area? What are the most critical factors influencing the physical development of rural settlements? He answers. The present study is a descriptive-analytical based on data collection using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of 7 villages located in the Dezli-Hajij communication axis in Oraman District based on population and housing census data of 1395 with 1572 households and 306 households were selected using Cochran formula. One-sample t-test and factor analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of the study showed that tourism development in the sample villages in terms of continuity over time such as housing construction quality (3/67), sanitation (3/39) and land-use changes (3/78) and unity and plurality such as Design and style of housing architecture (3/01) and public transit architecture (3/23) and then differentiation and homogeneity such as proportionality with rural life (3/58) and rurality or location (3/43) have a positive impact on the physical dimensions of rural settlements in the region. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that tourism development plays a vital role in the development of rural physical identity in the region. So that the proportion of rural life with a specific amount of 13/6 and 27% of the total variance had the most influence among the factors Extended Abstract Introduction  As an important socio-economic activity in local and regional development, tourism has a high potential for political, social, and economic changes in communities. Scholars widely regard it as the engine of development. Today, rural areas in developing countries face various economic, social, and environmental challenges. Planners need to pay more attention to complementary sectors of agricultural activities such as the development of handicrafts, food industries, and tourism because agriculture is now retreating from its hegemonic position in some rural areas. Therefore, tourism as one of the essential approaches to rural development has multiple effects on the socio-economic dimensions of rural areas. Tourism can play a vital role in shaping spaces, reconfiguring and rebuilding processes, creating new socio-economic opportunities in less-developed rural areas,  and leads to changes in the physical dimensions and physical identity of the villages.   Methodology This study aims to investigate the role of tourism development in the physical identity of  rural settlements located in the Dezley-Hajij road axis in Oraman County (Sarvabad Township- Kurdistan province) in western Iran. This applied study methodology of research was based on analytical– descriptive methods using questionnaires. After the survey of theoretical bases, the questionnaire was set using a Likert spectrum and distributed randomly among the sample. The statistical population of this study consisted of 1572 households residing in the villages of Daraki (Dezli County), Veisiyan and Kamaleh (Oraman County), Belbar, Jivar, Celin, and Novin (Shalyar County), with a sample of 306 was selected by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was further validated by an academic panel of experts in the field of research. Cronbach's alpha determined its reliability, which was up to 0.890 for measured indexes. The data were analyzed by One sample T-test and Factor   analysis tests in the SPSS software package.    Results and discussion To investigate the role of tourism activities in the physical identity change of rural settlements, the research indices in terms of three components of time continuity (quality of constructions, health, and environmental cleanliness and land-use transformations), unity/multiplicity (Landscape of free passages and the type of architectural style), and differentiation/similarity (proportional to rural life and Compliance with the physical environment) were classified. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that assuming numerical utility (3 mean spectra), the components of continuity in time, variance, multiplicity, and differentiation and similarity with numerical mean values (3.62), (3.35), and (3.27), respectively. The effect of tourism development is affected, and the difference is positive and means between upper and lower boundaries. There is a significant difference at the 95% level between the components. Evaluation of the importance of tourism in the physical development of rural settlements from the viewpoint of the respondents using factor analysis statistical test showed that the relevant data according to the KMO coefficient (0.812) is appropriate, and the Bartlett's test is 99% significant. Therefore, 50 variables extracted from the questionnaire were classified into six main factors, namely rural planning and architecture, beautification and environmental hygiene, privacy and road improvement, rural livelihoods, cultural regeneration, and physical security.   Conclusion Findings based on the utility analysis of indicators indicate the positive impact of tourism development on the development of physical identity changes in rural settlements in the study area. Thus, the development of tourism in the villages under study has been able to positively influence the three dimensions of identity, such as continuity in time, unity and plurality, and differentiation and similarity. Therefore, it can be concluded that tourism development due to its social and economic impacts on the villages has also led to changes in rural physical identity. Moreover, hygiene and cleanliness of the rural environment were observed with a numerical mean (3.81) and (3.67), respectively, both of which are indices in the continuity component over time. The results of the data analysis using factor analysis showed that the studied variables had 6% of the total variance in 5% of total variance. Based on the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that tourism development in two factors in terms of continuity in time has the most impact on the physical identity of rural settlements at 41%. Thus, planning and architecture of rural housing with 27% of the total variance and beautification and sanitation of the physical environment with 14% of the total variance have a significant impact on the physical changes and, consequently, the physical identity of the rural settlements. Based on the research findings, the following suggestions can be considered: Strengthening local institutions, such as the Islamic Council and the local managers, in order to promote the use of local patterns in the construction of new instruments to conform to the physical structure and function of the villages in the region; Management of land use changes on the edge of the village in order to prevent unnecessary physical changes in the way of preservation and environmental beauty; Prevent the accumulation of pesticides in public passages due to tourism in the area; Improving public beauties and beautifying them using the social and cultural elements of the region.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest The Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments The authors appreciate to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Although the item of people co- ordination is rooted back in ancient , but the poverty and changes in city growth absorbed history new settlers in suburb.Whereas a lack in urban and economic management system caused the expansion of poverty and led to citizens’ separation, living in suburb, meanwhile, created a new and complex concept to "people Co- Ordination" and brought it to a higher and public level than individual one.In 1346, the project of "The 9th of Aban Complex" which aimed to set up homes for home -lesses and ghetto was not welcomed by this group of new citizens.This article focuses on this fact that, while the government development programs couldn't meet the favorite needs and destruction of ghettoes was taken as an artificial remedy, how would be the future perspective of this fact if it happens from the opposite side?According to the facts mentioned above: 1- what are the main bases of active co-ordination in suburbanization? 2- How will the social engineering and supporting solutions be formed in order to help suburbanite?3- What are the suitable steps taken by government to empower of settlers in rural?4- And finally what are the most important limitations and obstacles against people co - ordination?

The concept of resilience is rooted in the discourse of sustainable management, especially in the coastal areas. Resilience is regarded as a desirable attribute, and policy and practice in coastal area management are increasingly aimed toward promoting it. Considering the effects of climate change, achieving social, economic, and physical resilience in coastal environments is very costly in the long run. This study aimed to examine the resiliency of the coastal settlements in the province of Guilān. Twenty-one indices have been used in different social, economic, and physical dimensions to measure the resilience of the coastal settlements of Guilān province. The research method was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is the coastal settlements of Guilān province (the Settlements of Āstārā, Tālesh, Bandar-e Anzali, Rasht, Rezvānshahr, Āstāneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Rudsar, Lāhijān, Langrud and Māsāl). BWM and PROMETHEE models were used for data analysis. According to the study's findings, Rezvānshahr, Āstārā, Rasht, Lāhijān, and Bandar-e Anzali have sufficient resilience levels, while Āstāneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Rudsar, Tālesh, Māsāl, and Langrud have inadequate resilience levels. Extended Abstract Introduction Coastal cities worldwide are changing considerably due to human-induced vulnerability, population growth, and global climate change. The results of this transition show that coastal regions are very vulnerable to coastal hazards such as hurricanes, coastline erosion, coastal flooding, tsunamis, and rising sea levels caused by climate change. These risks gravely threaten coastal towns' physical, social, and economic components. The ecosystem of the sea and coastal areas is being destroyed due to the growth of people in coastal areas. According to estimates, more than half of the world's population is within 60 kilometers of the shoreline, and around 10% of Iran's population resides along the Caspian Sea.Numerous studies have been conducted due to concerns raised in recent years regarding how disaster-resilient communities. Few studies have been conducted regarding the country's coastal regions, according to the study of the research's literature. The demands of local residents and visitors, the exploitation of minerals, and the disposal and destruction of rubbish have put growing pressure on the seacoasts during the past century. There is a growing rivalry between corporate and public sector interests in coastal areas. The current study has thus looked at the coastal settlements in northern Iran to address this gap (Guilān province).MethodologyAccording to the applied-developmental purpose, the nature of the study, and the specified goals, the current research used a descriptive-analytical methodology. The statistical population included the coastal communities in the province of Guilān. BWM and PROMETHEE models were utilized for data analysis in Excel, PROMETHEE, and Arc GIS.Social resilience indicators: This index comes after the creation of nine resilience indicators, including population density, sex ratio, percentage of total literacy, percentage of female literacy, percentage of higher education recipients, percentage of immigrants, percentage of vulnerable populations (those under 15 and over 65), percentage of female-headed households, and percentage of single women (due to the death of a spouse or divorce). These indicators influence resilience in a significant way. Resilience, for instance, is likely to be lower in seniors (over 65) and young people when an accident occurs in one location (less than 14 years old).Economic resilience indicators: Economic resilience has been measured in this study using "gross employment rate, general population activity rate, economic burden, gross dependency burden, subsistence burden, and net dependency ratio."Physical resilience indicators: In this research, to measure physical resilience, the indicators of "percentage of resistant housing, percentage of housing ownership, percentage of rented housing, people in a residential unit, vulnerable people in a residential unit and residential units fewer than 80 square meters " were used.Results and discussionThe level of social resilience in Guilān's coastal settlements: A community's capacity to bounce back and use its resources to rebuild itself is known as social resilience. The population density, gender ratio, percentage of total literacy, percentage of female literacy, percentage of people with higher education, percentage of vulnerable people (those under the age of 15 and over the age of 65), percentage of immigrants, percentage of female-headed households, and percentage of single women (due to the death of a spouse or d) are all used in this study to determine the social resilience of the coastal settlements of Guilān Province. Results indicated that Rasht, Āstārā, Bandar-e Anzali, Rezvānshahr, and other settlements in the study had low levels of social resilience.The level of economic resilience in Guilān's coastal settlements: Economic resilience is characterized as the innate ability of people and communities to respond to and adapt to risks in a way that enables them to minimize possible losses brought on by hazards. In other terms, resilience refers to a society's aptitude and ability to resume economic activity following a crisis. The indicators of gross employment rate, general population activity rate, economic burden, gross dependence burden, subsistence burden, and net dependency ratio have been used to determine the economic resilience of the coastal settlements in Guilān Province. The economic resilience of the coastal settlements in Guilān Province has been determined by combining these data. The findings indicated that Langrod, Āstāneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Lāhijān, and Māsāl have enough economic resilience, but Bandar-e Anzali, Rezvānshahr, Āstārā, Rudsar, Rasht, and Tālesh have poor resilience.The level of physical resilience in Guilān's coastal settlements: The resistance of constructed buildings to changes and future crises is defined as physical resilience. Indicators of resistant housing percentage, housing ownership percentage, rental housing percentage, people per residential unit, vulnerable people per residential unit, and residential units less than 80 square meters have all been used to gauge the physical resilience of coastal settlements in Guilān Province. The overall index of physical resilience of the coastal Settlements in Guilān Province was generated from the combination of the previously listed factors. The findings demonstrated that physical resilience is adequate in the Settlements of Rezvānshahr, Āstārā, Bandar-e Anzali, Lāhijān, and Māsāl. Still, it is unsuitable in Āstāneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Rudsar, Tālesh, Langrod, and Rasht.The level of overall resilience in Guilān's coastal settlements: In this study, various aspects of coastal settlements in Guilān Province's resilience have been examined. Lastly, it provided an overview of their resilience. Based on the results of the 21 indicators above, the overall resilience index of the coastal Settlements of Guilān province has been generated, and its state has been assessed in those settlements. The findings indicated that while Āstāneh -ye Ashrafiyeh, Rudsar, Tālesh, Māsāl, and Langrud were in poor condition, the general resilience status in Rezvānshahr, Āstārā, Rasht, Lāhijān, and Bandar-e Anzali was good.ConclusionThere is no single remedy for managing human and coastal environmental systems, and solutions to enhance resilience may not easily proliferate among local, regional, and national governance institutions. Nevertheless, from a social point of view, the resilience of coastal settlements in Guilān province can be increased through social networks, participation, interaction, and communication of citizens with neighbors, insurance, and access to other financial resources. In the physical dimension, strengthening the standards of buildings, improving construction methods and building design, land use planning, and maintaining open space are measures that may enhance resilience. Controlling land use in flood-prone areas, having public infrastructure available, lifelines, retrofitting already-existing infrastructure (such as roads, bridges, electricity, water, etc.), having proper access to medical facilities, having proper access to relief organizations (Crisis Management Center and Red Hall), and expanding transportation options are some additional factors that increase resilience. To increase the resilience of the Guilān province's coastal settlements in urban management, it is hoped that the study's findings would be useful for more accurate and objective policy-making and planning based on the resident needs and would ultimately reflect in managers' decisions, to increase the province coastal settlements' level of resilience.FundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

Architecture, planning and development with climate data and climate thermal needs of the building where is possible. This paper aims to identify and evaluate the thermal comfort indices and compliance with environmental elements in the architecture introvert Semnan province (The most striking feature of climatic City Branch in order of importance, especially in eco-urban construction, heat, intensity and duration of sunshine and low humidity are the analysis of these data are based on weather station Semnan province (12 years old) has been done. This research is a descriptive study with field and thermal indices using methods such as Oleg, architectural harmony with the climatic conditions provided for Semnan province (City. The city is preparing for the Branch. Hypothesis was examined and finally recommendations for design residential space, including the location of the physical form of buildings, window position, etc etc are provided

The environment is one of the most important issues in the world. Since the majority of villagers are farmers that cultivate rice, so paying more attention to the agricultural sector and attracting young people to this important economic sector, providing the survival of rural population will ultimately lead to sustainable rural development. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of rice cultivation on the sustainable development of agricultural ecosystem in villages of the case study region. The statistical population of this study was rice cultivators in the villages of Neka county in Mazandaran province. The family size was selected based on Cochran formula that 262 samples were selected. The research method is descriptive and analytical one with practical nature. The results of the data based on the field method indicated the correlation between the environmental development of the studied villages and the amount of rice crop cultivation equal to 0. 981 which is positive, Which shows that there is a positive correlation between rice and environmental development of the studied villages. Also, the highest correlation coefficient between sustainable environmental development and the role of rice is presented in the atrab of the estakhrposht. Also using Tapsis method, the villages of khorshid and Shit were affected more, and the villages of Kalabestan and Chalou Pul were affected the least. Based on the results, the environmental status of agriculture in the studied villages with a score of 0. 351 is at a low level of sustainability.

Introduction: Nowadays, the discussion of watershed management as a new approach and a paradigm for planning, development and proper land management, water resources management and vegetation restoration with special emphasis on economic, social and environmental issues seeks to create participatory solutions and follows sustainable development (Sirajzadeh, 2018: 20). In the framework of a systematic approach to geographical spaces and its phenomena, which emphasizes the relationship between structural and functional components of phenomena in close communication and correlation with each other (Saeedi, 2011: 11), natural and ecological environmental factors are among those forces involved in the formation of spatial systems (Sadough and Saeedi, 2006: 9). Watershed management projects are one of the common executive actions in the context of land that directly related to the ecological foundations of space. Therefore, recognizing and analyzing the changes and consequences of watershed management activities in the framework of the spatial approach is crucial. In fact, watershed management activities have spatial dimensions and should be considered and evaluated as one of the important geographical issues. In hot and dry climates and deserts areas such as South Khorasan and Birjand city, where there are severely limited water, soil and vegetation resources, the "Chahkand" watershed management project, a sub-basins of Chaahak Mousavieh, is one of the substantial projects with the goal of comprehensive management, preservation, revitalization and exploitation of water, soil and vegetation resources. Moreover, this project is done around hydrologic areas and aims to make a natural and optimal balance among them. The project covers an area of 2720 hectares, which is the site of 9 settlements. Now, more than a decade after the implementation of the Chahkand watershed management project, this study has attempted to represent and recognize the spatial effects of this project on the structuralfunctional changes of rural settlements in the Chahkand Watershed. Methodology: It was a practical study and based on descriptive-analytical approach. The theoretical foundation and the information related to the background of the project were collected through library method. Additionally, questionnaires and open conversation with local residents were other sources of data collection procedure in the present study. For the purpose of this study, a questionnaire was designed and then filled by 111 participants. The collected data was coded and analyzed with the use of SPSS and Microsoft Excel softwares. In order to analyze the regional stability, "stability radar" and "Morris model" techniques were used. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the implementation of the watershed management plan on the sustainability of the settlements of Chahkand area was more than average in social and environmental dimensions and less than average in economic dimension. From a social point of view, the collaboration of some villagers in various projects was effective. Moreover, increasing the water of canals and springs through feeding projects in some years and the gradual restoration of rangelands were influential factors based on the environmental dimension. However, in the economic dimension, according to people’, s point of view the expectations of the project have not met. This finding has two main causes. Firstly, the periodic drought phenomenon that causes stagnation, makes a number of project ineffective, and damages the rangeland rehabilitates activities. Secondly, improper distribution of agricultural land ownership among the landlords in large villages in the basin (most of the land belongs to the absent owners). Conclusion: In the economic dimension, the highest impact of the watershed management project on the spatial developments of the sample villages related to "change in land prices and real estate received by the village" variable and the lowest impact in the field belonged to the "creating sustainable employment" variable. Generally, based on the participants’,point of view the watershed management plan had been moderately effective in the development of rural spaces in the economic dimension. In the social dimension, "the degree of correlation in the village" variable and the "the amount of access to recreational facilities" had the highest and the lowest impact respectively. Furthermore, according to the respondents, the watershed management project has been moderately effective in the development of rural spaces in the social dimension. The highest impact of the watershed management project on the spatial changes of the sample villages in the environmental dimension related to “, prevention of damages to canals and avoid the destruction”,variable. The result indicated that the lowest impact in the filed belongs to “, Quantity of canal water" variable and also to some other variables including "Increased River flow" "Extension of wildlife around the village" and "Restoration of landscapes and natural landscape outside the village" respectively. Using the Morris model to rank the studied villages in Chahkand catchment based on the effects of watershed management project on the dimensions of sustainability (such as economic, social and environmental dimensions) showed that among the villages Ashgabat, Roshanavand and Einid Bala villages got the highest Morris score respectively. According to the Morris model, the highest sustainability related to environmental sustainability in Einid Bala village and the lowest one belonged to economic sustainability in Roshanavand village. Finally, according to the findings of the study, the implementation of the watershed management project had the greatest impact on the status of stability in the social dimension and the least in the economic dimension.

Today, one of the critical approaches to controlling and managing informal settlements is the approach of good urban governance. Good urban governance can be defined as the method and process of managing urban affairs with the constructive participation of public, private, and civil society sectors in order to achieve sustainable urban development, create a healthy city, and improve the quality of life. In the current research, the informal settlement areas of the Tabriz metropolis have been investigated with the approach of optimal urban governance. The research method is descriptive-analytical using statistical calculations, and the research data analysis is based on SPSS, EXCEL statistical software, and statistical techniques including T-test. Research data were collected in two ways-library and survey (using a questionnaire). The statistical population of the research includes 1400 households living in informal settlements of the Tabriz metropolis and a sample size of 300 heads of households were selected using Cochran's formula and by the simple random sampling method. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for the reliability of the questionnaire, and the calculated value was 0. 6. Valuation of the variables has been done using the Likert scale. The results of the surveys based on the indicators of good urban governance, participation, accountability, legality, justice, transparency, responsibility, effectiveness, and efficiency show that the utilization rate of good urban governance in Tabriz is at a medium and low level. Introduction The amount of informal settlements in the world is increasing, and the World Bank has predicted the number of urban poor to be more than 1500 million people by 2025. At least 600 million people, primarily poor, live in polluted urban environments in health-threatening conditions. One-third of urban residents live in substandard housing. At least 250 million urban dwellers do not have immediate access to clean tap water and 400 million people do not have proper sanitation facilities. Also, many urban centers are surrounded by problems such as increasing crime and delinquency, corruption and bribery, organized crime, drug trafficking, prostitution, and the like. The theory of optimal urban governance, which has been accepted by elites and experts and emphasized by international organizations, especially the United Nations Center for Human Settlements known as Habitat, seeks to make cities more efficient, fairer, safer, and more sustainable. Obviously, the first and most crucial step for any kind of planning and control will be to understand the problem through scientific and logical methods. The essential characteristics of informal settlements can be distinguished into three physical, social, and legal areas )Hakimi & Oskoi, 2021). Informal settlements, marginal settlements, slums, temporary, unconventional settlements, etc., are among the manifestations of urban poverty that show their ugly face in different ways in the housing sector. The history of the contemporary metropolis of Tabriz as a settlement point goes back to the Ashkanian and Sasanian periods. This point was called by various names, such as Tourez, Tourej, and Tabrizo Tori, although it was no more than a small village at the beginning of the Islamic era. The area of this type of settlement in Tabriz is 400 hectares with a population exceeding 450, 000 people. Examining the factors affecting the formation of marginalization in Tabriz city shows that unemployment, low income, low housing rent, and large migration from small urban areas and rural areas of the province are important elements. The current slums, despite having a proper connection with urban tissues, do not have a proper urban structure. Among the indicators that determine the difference between the neighborhoods with informal settlements and existing slums and other urban tissues of Tabriz is the fact that they are inhabited by immigrants and their unplanned context. The administrators of the city are so struggling to solve acute problems such as environmental pollution, bad housing, urban traffic, lack of services per capita, huge population flood, etc. that there is less opportunity or even the ability to find solutions to the root of such problems ) Jahanbin et al., 2021). Materials and Methods The present study's research method combines descriptive and analytical studies to achieve the desired goals. According to the topic under investigation and the applied nature of the research, information was collected in two ways--documentary, and survey. The most common way to obtain basic information or statistical data is to obtain it directly from the residents and city managers, which has been used through observation and questionnaires. After collecting the information from the questionnaire questions, it was analyzed with statistical software to achieve the goals of this research. For statistical calculations and analysis of the research data, SPSS, Excel statistical software, and urban and regional planning models, including dispersion coefficient, T-test, and GIS geographic information system were used to prepare and draw maps. For this purpose, 120 people have been selected as the sample size using a simple random sampling method. It should be mentioned that the statistical population of the research was about 1400 people. In this case, the first step was taken by using the scales tested in the research related to informal settlements and asking for the opinion of professors and experts in this field. Then, the compiled questionnaire was completed in two preliminary and final stages, by examining the answers obtained from 30 initial questionnaires and performing the necessary statistical calculations. The analysis has been calculated using the reliability analysis method of the alpha coefficients of all questions. Based on the tests, the alpha coefficients of all questionnaires are more than 0. 6 and the total alpha coefficient is 0. 752. Research Findings Out of 300 respondents, 255 are men, and 45 are women, which make up %70. 8 and %29. 2 of the sample population, respectively. After examining all the questionnaires, it was found that the heads of the families aged 21-30 years were, % 13. 3 the heads of the families aged 40-31 years were, %35 the heads of the families aged 50-41years were %30, the heads of the families aged 60-51 years were %15. 8 and heads 60 years 8 were %5. 0 By dividing the households from 1 to 8 in the questionnaires, it can be seen that %17. 6 of the households were less than 3 people%45. 8 between 3 and 5 people, %28. 3 between 5 and 8 people, and finally, %8. 3 of the households were more than 8 people. This indicates the large size of the households in these areas. Of the total respondents to the questionnaires, %62. 5 of their previous residence was a village and %37. 5 was a small town. In general, the analysis of urban management indicators is significant according to the tests conducted. It can be said that there is a significant difference in the level of error between the actual average and the hypothetical average, and since the actual average obtained is lower than the hypothetical average, it can be concluded that from the point of view of the citizens, all the indicators analyzed were evaluated below the average level of the Likert scale and the inefficiency of the urban management system played a decisive and effective role in the formation and expansion of informal settlements in the city of Tabriz. By emphasizing the amount of t-value obtained, the seven elements of urban governance include participation, accountability, legality, equality and justice, transparency, responsibility, effectiveness, and efficiency. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Since the actual average obtained in Eidalo and Mollazaynal areas is lower than the hypothetical average, it can be concluded that from the citizens' point of view, the amount of using good urban governance according to the seven analyzed indicators is at a low level among the mentioned areas. Therefore, based on the results of the sample T-test, the citizens have evaluated the level of good governance in the districts below the average. It indicates that the urban management system of Tabriz, despite its efforts, has not been able to attract the satisfaction of the citizens in the mentioned marginal areas, since the level of desirable urban governance indicators is lower than the average level of the Likert scale. In the surveys conducted on the informal neighborhoods of Tabriz, all indicators, including economic, social, cultural, physical, environmental, etc., are at a low level compared to other central structures of the city. For this reason, paying attention to the various aspects of shortcomings and developing an executive plan to fix them can facilitate the movement toward the goals and frameworks related to the issue. In the field of participation, using the opinions of citizens, especially educated and academic people, along with the creation of specialized meetings is important. Considering the accountability factor, inviting citizens to cooperate in various fields, especially students who have more free time and energy than other citizens, should be considered. Optimizing the effects (i. e. creating, strengthening, and empowering people's organizations at the level of localities and districts of the city through holding regular and continuous meetings in the municipality and consulting about the problems of the city with councils and city managers) can also be used to solve the problems of this settlement.

The truth of livability considering that it refers to the degree of providing the necessities of a society based on the needs and capacity of the people of that society for the growth and development of rural settlements, or in other words, livability promotes quality of life and development of the concepts of the quality of people's living environment so that it provided the best ways of life for them. The present study was conducted to identify and explain the factors affecting the livability of rural settlements using the method of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and correlation coefficient as a survey method. In this research, 6543 heads of rural households in the city of Ilam were surveyed to identify and explain factors contributing to rural settlements' livability. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 363 people, and the sample was selected randomly and the quota sampling method. In this study, a questionnaire was exerted, experts confirmed content validity, and reliability was verified by a pre-test and Cronbach's alpha of 0.864 percent.The results show that the social dimension with a correlation coefficient of 780/. and the explanation coefficient of 66.73%, the economic dimension with a correlation coefficient of 0.593 and the explanation coefficient of 73.66%, the physical dimension with a correlation coefficient of 587. and the explanatory factor of 68.12% and the environmental dimension with a correlation coefficient of 0.585 and an explanatory factor of 23.23% affect the livability of rural settlements in Ilam Township. The results also show that the most important factors affecting livability in the social dimension are working groups with 0.782, in the economic dimension the existence of savings and the appropriateness of living expenses in the village with 0.897 and 0.854, in the physical dimension access to service uses at the regional level with 821. 0 and in the environmental aspect, the lack of houses in the flood path is 0.794.Extended AbstractIntroductionSince the beginning of human settlements, villages have been the center of civilization and progress, but in recent decades, the technology industry, production methods, etc., have undergone profound changes. In most developing countries, the development path is considered a challenge when it comes to national development, which arises from the growth and development of rural settlements. Therefore, as a comprehensive framework that is made of human development and society’s well-being based on the increase of the dual physical-environmental and cultural dimensions of each space. That is why its main and general meaning is that achieving livability or achieving the quality of planning or place can be sustainable if it considers broad economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions in rural settlements. Interchangeably, livability is a capability in the residential environment that allows for a peaceful, safe, valuable, interactive and stable residence with the social and psychological well-being of the inhabitants. As a result, only respecting nature and not wasting natural resources strengthen social life. It provides collective spaces and connections between places and activities. Based on this, today, livability planning provides villages with awareness and proper training to accept economic, social, and cultural changes. Last but certainly not least, it provides physical and environmental conditions in line with the development of settlements. MethodologyAccording to the Cochran formula, the sample size for this study is 363 people with descriptive, analytic and survey methods. In order to analyze the data and influence the livability of settlements in rural areas, the questionnaire is the main research tool. Experts in this field have confirmed the content validity of the items. A questionnaire with a Likert scale was developed to check the reliability of the sample of 30 people outside the original sample based on the variables prepared in four social, economic, physical, and environmental dimensions. Based on the necessary changes made to the mentioned questionnaire, the results obtained from the pre-test confirmed the reliability or acceptable reliability of the study and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.864%. For a more detailed examination of the topic and classification of variables, factor analysis and correlation coefficients have been exerted, as well as descriptive statistics. In order to obtain significant factors, Bartlett’s test, KMO coefficient, and T-value were applied, and the data was analyzed in SPSS and LISREL software to perform a factor analysis of varimax rotation. Results and discussion In the region’s ancient and historical past, the important factor in the livability of rural settlements has been the social factor. Today, management, training, and security are among the most important factors. Rural settlements can be made livable through effective and efficient management, which is defined by the performance of local officials. In fact, their positive performance in resolving village issues and problems with the help and participation of the people. As a result of the research, KOM is 0.715, Bartlett is 4025.509, with 325 degrees of freedom and significant level (Sig= 0.001). Keyser indicates that seven factors are above one with 66.73% and that management and education have the greatest impact on rural settlements' viability with 26.728%. In term of the economy of the villages, the fertile lands, forest, and pasture in the region contribute to 0.728. Bartlett 237.438 with a degree of freedom of 55, which is significant (sig=0.001), the employment and income factor with 30.45% showed the most significant impact on rural settlements' economic viability when considering the Keyser factor with 73.76%. As one of the major factors that determine the livability of settlements in a region, the expansion of transportation networks contributes to the availability of services, in order to receive these essential services, villages must have good roads and be located close to Ilam, the mother city of the province. There are 109 degrees of freedom with the KOM value of 0.811 and the Bartlett value (3493.706) at a significant level (sig=0.001), and in the Keyser factor, five factors have eigenvalues above on with 68.135. In the environmental aspect, the region has beautiful natural landscapes, springs, rivers, forests, gardens, and transportation, with 15.72 percent showing the greatest impact. According to KOM 0.785 and Bartlett 2941.726, which are at a significant level (sig=0.001), these landscapes have made villages more habitable. There are four factors that have specific value above one, which include 23.65% of rural settlements’ environmental viability ConclusionAccording to this study, livability is comprised of four interdependent economic, social, physical, and environmental dimensions. Socio-cultural viability is linked to how society is organized, people's sense of belonging to their place and their awareness of society. The economy provides jobs and income and meets the needs of the society. Housing, infrastructure facilities, transportation and public spaces for recreation and leisure determine the physical livability of rural areas. Natural resources, waste disposal capacities, and the relationship between humans and the environment are also considered as part of the environment. Furthermore, the results indicate that the social dimension, with 0.61, had the greatest impact on rural settlements' livability, followed by the economic dimensions, with 0.56, the physical dimension, with 0.32, and the environmental dimension, with 0.38. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Introduction: The livable city is one of the new and effective concepts in the current city systems, which has found a worthy place due to its important and essential role in the evolution of the thoughts and ideals of the contemporary society. Considering the importance of upgrading and improving the living conditions in the central part of the cities on the one hand and emphasizing qualitative issues instead of just paying attention to quantityData and Method: This research was compiled with the aim of analyzing the urban livability of informal settlements. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the research was made up of citizens living in informal settlements in the 9th district of Shiraz. The statistical sample size was estimated to be 384 people using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity of which was verified in the form of face and face validity, as well as divergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Analysis of data and information was done using spss and pls software.Results: The findings of this research showed that the overall livability of the studied area is in an unfavorable condition. In such a way that the experimental average value obtained for its livability and dimensions was less than the average value of 3. Among the localities of the studied area, Sultanabad neighborhood had a better condition than other studied localities in terms of urban livability. Among the other findings of the research, among the dimensions of urban livability, the physical factor with a path coefficient of 0.418 has the greatest effect, which indicates that this factor must be strengthened first for the livability of the studied area. In the next rank is the social factor with a path coefficient of 0.288. In the third place is the environmental factor with a path coefficient of 0.284 and in the fourth place is the economic dimension with a path coefficient of 0.196.Conclusion: The results showed the low level of urban livability for the studied area, and in this case, city officials can provide the basis for improving the livability of the studied area by applying and using the opinions of experts in the field of urban planning.