Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is the most prevalent endocrine disease. It causes several complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus on sensory-neuron auditory impairment.       Materials and Methods: We conducted this case - control study during the years of 2006-2008 with the collaboration of Mashhad Diabetes Center and the Audiometric Clinic at Ghaem Hospital. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 300 diabetic patients, as the case group and 300 persons as the control group entered this study. These two groups were matched by sex and age. Audiometric examinations, consisting of Pure Tone Audiometric Test, Diapason Tests and Autoscopy were administered on the participants in the present study.Results: There was a significant difference between control and case groups in sensory-neuron auditory impairment at high and low-median frequencies. Also, there was not any association between the duration of the disease and the level of sensory-neuron auditory impairment (P>0.05). In addition, the findings indicate a significant relationship between the complicated and uncomplicated groups in terms of the level of sensory-neuron auditory impairment at high frequencies. Patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus showed prominent sensory-neuron auditory impairment at high and low-median frequencies, as compared to the control group (P<0.05). There was not such association in Type I Diabetes Mellitus (P>0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between two types of Diabetes Mellitus in the level of sensory-neuron auditory impairment. which was prominent in high frequencies (P<0.05). Also, this study showed that there was not any sex difference in the sensory-neuron auditory impairment (P>0.05).Conclusion: We propose the necessity of administrating regular audiometric examinations for the patients with diabetes mellitus. Early detection of sensory-neuron auditory impairment can decrease its progression due to better glycemic control.

Introduction: Candidiasis, as an opportunistic infection, is caused by the Candida species. Although Candida albicans is classified in the body as an endogenic flora, it plays an important role in creating Candida related diseases. Candida vulvovaginitis in pregnant women, diabetes mellitus patients and those using multiple antibiotics and contraceptive drugs demonstrates the high resistance of the organism against conventional medication. On the other hand, recurrent vaginitis disintegrates the long-term process of treatment in majority of the patients. The present research was done with the aim of determining the optimum conditions for susceptibility testing before retreatment of patients.Methods: 10 isolates of Candida albicans obtained from 31 suspected patients suffering from recurrent Candida vaginitis were incubated with ketoconazole at two pH of 7.2 and 5.5 and two temperatures of 35ºC and 27ºC. The Microdilution broth test technique was used. The RPMI 1640 medium within the 96 well microplates with range of 12 tests was used to determine the MIC50 , MIC90 and MFC of the drug.Results: The obtained MIC50, MIC90 and MFC for ketoconazole at these conditions (T=35ºC and pH=7.2) were 0.25 to 1 μg/ml, 1 to 4 μg/ml and 64 to ≥ 512 μg/ml respectively, while these values at 27ºC, pH 5.5 were 1 to 8 μg/ml, 8 to 64 μg/ml and 512 to ≥ 512 μg/ml, at 35ºC and pH 5.5 the values were 1 to 8 μg/ml, 4 to 32 μg/ml, 256 to ≥ 512 μg/ml, while at 27ºC and pH 7.2 the values were 1 to 2 μg/ml, 8 to 32 μg/ml, 128 to ≥ 512 mg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: The obtained results confirmed that conditions with temperature of 35ºC and pH 7.2 resulted in better treatment outcomes than other conditions.

This study is a descriptive–analytical and data-based research. From the perspective of sensory linguistics, the frequency of sensory adjectives and the juxtaposition of nouns and sensory adjectives were examined in three Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts. The aim was to determine the extent to which each of the five senses was represented by sensory adjectives in the texts and whether the distribution corresponded to the hierarchy proposed by Lynott and Connell (2009) from highest to lowest. In another part of the research, after analyzing the nouns and juxtapositional sensory adjectives, it was investigated whether the nouns and adjectives within the same sensory domain exhibited the highest frequency of sensory juxtaposition or not. The findings showed that the largest number of sensory adjectives was related to the visual domain, while the smallest number was associated with the sense of smell, which is consistent with the hierarchy of the senses suggested by Lynott and Connell (2009) and Winter (2019). Moreover, the analysis of the frequency of nouns and sensory adjectives revealed that, except for the sense of sight, nouns and adjectives of the same domain did not occur more frequently than those in different domains. Therefore, this finding does not fully align with the claims of Lynott and Connell (2009) and Winter (2019).  Introduction The senses allow humans to interact with and perceive their environment, forming a crucial part of our being. Their number is debated due to overlap and complexity. Aristotle categorized five basic ones, each linked to specific organs: vision with the eyes, hearing with the ears, touch with the skin, smell with the nose, and taste with the tongue (and nose). Neuroscientists identify at least nine senses, including Aristotle's five senses plus pain, pressure, body awareness, and temperature. Some replace pressure with balance or add balance to the list. Psychologists define even more senses, considering both nerves and the mind. Since each sense is represented unevenly in language, this study, within the framework of sensory linguistics, investigates the frequency of each sense in sensory adjectives in three Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts (the Bundahišn, the Vizidagīhā ī Zādisparam, and the Ardā Wirāz Nāmag). It also examines the juxtaposition of nouns and sensory adjectives to determine whether same-domain pairings are more frequent than cross-domain ones. This study addresses two questions: What proportion of sensory adjectives in the three Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts is associated with each of the five senses, and does this distribution align with the hierarchy of these senses proposed by Lynott and Connell (2009)? Are sensory nouns and adjectives from the same domain more frequent in juxtapositions in these texts, and if so, why? This research follows the theoretical framework of Lynott and Connell (2009) and Winter (2019). Lynott and Connell presented 423 sensory adjectives to participants, asking them to associate the adjectives with one or more senses. Their study revealed that most adjectives were linked to multiple senses. They aimed to determine which sense was associated with the highest number of sensory adjectives in English—that is, how the average perceptual strength of the senses is distributed in English, and which sense has the most and the least perceptual strength. Using a five-point Likert scale, they presented 423 English sensory adjectives to 55 native English speakers and found the following average perceptual strength of the senses for these adjectives:         Vision > Touch > Hearing > Taste > Smell (Lynott & Connell, 2009, p. 562) In the next phase, these researchers asked participants to select a noun for each of the 423 sensory adjectives to examine whether they would choose nouns from the same sensory domain as the adjectives. They hypothesized that same-domain noun-adjective pairs would be more frequent than cross-domain ones. Method This study is descriptive–analytical and data-based. The data came from three Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts: the Bundahišn (Pakzad, 2005), the Vizidagīhā ī Zādisparam (Rashid-Mohassel, 2006), and the Ardā Wirāz Nāmag (Gignoux, 2003). In this research, all 240 sensory adjectives in these texts—including simple, derived, and compound forms—were examined. The study was conducted in two stages. First, all sensory adjectives, whether accompanied by a noun or used independently, were listed and categorized into one of the five sensory domains. In this phase, each adjective was counted only once; in other words, all three texts were treated as one corpus. In the second phase, the sensory adjectives used with nouns were analyzed to determine whether the noun and adjective belonged to the same or different sensory domains. When a noun had multiple adjectives, it was counted according to the number of adjectives. Results Based on the study’s findings, of the 240 adjectives, vision accounted for the most sensory adjectives (192). Touch appeared significantly less frequently (26). The other senses were closer in frequency (taste 10, hearing 7, and smell 5) and far fewer compared to vision. Overall, the frequency of sensory adjectives in the three Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts can be represented as follows: Vision > Touch > Taste > Hearing > Smell Regarding vision, same-domain juxtapositions (154) were more frequent than cross-domain ones, supporting Lynott and Connell’s (2009) and Winter’s (2019) hypothesis. In hearing, same-domain juxtapositions (0) were fewer than cross-domain ones (3), contradicting the hypothesis. Smell did not appear as a source domain, so only cross-domain cases were considered. For touch, cross-domain juxtapositions (4) outnumbered same-domain ones (2) and for taste, cross-domain juxtapositions outnumbered same-domain ones (12 to 3). Therefore, except for vision, findings do not support Lynott and Connell’s (2009) and Winter’s (2019) hypothesis. Thus, same-domain juxtapositions were more frequent only for vision, and this pattern did not hold for the other senses. It is also important that the overall number of data points for the other senses, particularly hearing and smell, was limited in the three texts examined. Conclusion According to the results of this study, the senses with the highest and lowest frequency in the three Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts, and thus the highest and lowest average perceptual strength, were vision and smell, respectively. This finding aligns with Lynott and Connell (2009) and supports Sharifi and Sabouri (in press), who argue that the extremes of the sensory hierarchy tend to remain stable across languages and historical stages, while differences appear in the middle senses. In this study, compared to Lynott and Connell (2009), the only difference was in the order of hearing and taste, which was reversed in the Middel Persian Zoroastrian data. However, the number of data points in this study is not sufficient to deem this difference significant. Furthermore, a comparison of the present study’s findings with Sharifi and Sabouri (in press) regarding the average perceptual strength of senses in modern Persian reveals no difference between Middle Persian Zoroastrian and modern Persian in the average perceptual strength of the five senses. In other words, from Middle Persian to modern Persian, there has been no change in the average perceptual strength of the five senses. Regarding the hypothesis that same-domain noun-adjective juxtapositions are more frequent than cross-domain ones, this study found that, except for vision, it did not hold for other senses. Comparison with Sharifi and Sabouri (in press) reveals that instances supporting Lynott and Connell’s (2009) hypothesis in Middle Persian Zoroastrian (one instance for vision) were fewer than in modern Persian (three instances for vision, hearing, and taste). Nonetheless, neither study fully supports Lynott and Connell’s (2009) and Winter’s (2019) hypothesis. Ethical Considerations Not applicable Funding Not applicable Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The aim of the present study was to determine the casual relationship of sensory marketing with sensory experience satisfaction and loyalty of consumers of swimming pools in Tehran city. The research method was descriptive-correlation conducted as a survey. The population included all males and females who used swimming pools in Tehran city in 2014, and 385 subjects were selected as the sample by Cochran formula. The researcher-made questionnaire of sensory marketing, the questionnaire of sensory experience satisfaction by Bitner and Hubbert (1994) and the questionnaire of loyalty by Liu (2008) were used to collect data. For data analysis, Partial Least Squares (PLS) was used. Findings showed that among the five senses, sight and hearing senses had significant casual relationships with sensory experience satisfaction and loyalty of swimming pools consumers, but the sense of taste, touch and smell had no significant causal relationship. It was also found out that the sense of sight was the most important and taste was the least important. Therefore, it is essential to involve the senses of taste, touch and smell in order to have higher effect on consumer behavior.