One of the effective groups of plants, are essential oils, which are used in food, perfumery, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries due to their aromatic and special flavors. Essential oils and their compounds have multiple functions and different activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant activities have been reported from the essential oils of various plants. In order to investigate and identify chemical compounds, the essential oil content of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter, in Khuzestan province, was extracted by Clevenger apparatus and analyzed with a gas chromatography system connected to GC/MASS mass spectrometer. The percentage of essential oil of the leaves was 0.3%. In total, 25 compounds were isolated and identified from the essential oil of D. graveolens. The results showed that D. graveolens mainly contained about 39% trans-Caryophyllene as a major constituent, and 9.22% Sabinene and other compounds ranged from 0.52 to 4.86%. trans-Caryophyllene and Sabinene are the terpene compounds, which have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Flowering part of Origanum majorana L. cultivated in national botanical garden of Iran was collected in Aug. 1999 and after confirming by the Herbarium of the research institute of forests and rangelands, steam distilled for 45 min. to produce an oil of 0.3% yield (based on dry weight of flowers). The oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-four compounds were identified, among which linalyl acetate-(26.1 %) and sabinene (12.0%) were the major constituents.

Aim and Background: Teucrium polium L. belongs to the genus of Teucrium and Labiatae family. It has been used in folk medicine to treat some diseases because of its useful effects. This research is done in order to compare chemical composition of essence of Teucrium polium in different habitats for the first time.Materials and methods: The flowering aerial parts of Teucrium polium were collected in 9 habitats in Mazandaran province and dried. The habitats were named G1-G9. The essential oils of the dried flowering aerial parts obtained and were analyzed by the combination of GC and GC-MS.Results: The major compounds upper 10% contained: G1: Sabinene (28.4%), GermacreneD (11.2%), G2: GermacreneD (19.64%), Sabinene (18.75%), G3:Sabinene (28.58%), Cis: Sesquisabinenehydrate (12.64%) G4: Sabinene (15.47%), GermacreneD (12.8%), G5: GermacreneD (18.07), Sabinene (12%) G6: Sabinene (29, 3%), a-Pinene (10.1%) G7: E-Nerolidol (23.21%) Sabinene (20.14%), G8: Sabinene (31.35%), E-Nerolidol (15.81%) Valerianol (10.23%) G9: Sabinene (26.93%), b-Pinene (21.23%).Conclusion: G6, G9, G3 and G4 were known as the best habitats because of quality of essence.

Vitex negundo Linn, known as chaste tree, belongs to Verbenaceae family. It is a woody medicinal tree; an aromatic and flowering-ornamental plant has different ethnobotanical and pharmacological uses. The aims of this study included phytochemical analysis, detection of two flavonoids by TLC, GC/MS analysis of hexane extract, and the antioxidant estimation in leaves of Iraqi Vitex negundo activity. The results showed the important phytochemicals in hydroalcoholic and hexane extracts. In addition, the main constituents obtained by GC MS were Sabinene 3.23% and Pinene 0.87% as monoterpenes, alpha-Farnesene 0.5%, Pregnan-3,11-diol-20-one 1.55%, and alpha-Tocopherol 1.55%. Those Iraqi Vitex negundo L. were considered as an important source for chemical constituents with a significant antioxidant activity at low concentration with IC50 26.7, as compared with ascorbic acid.

Vitex L. (250 species) is a large tropical genus with a few temperate species. Examining the morphological characters of leave, stem, corolla and calyx together, with the micro-morphological observations, revealed the occurrence of four species in the flora of Iran. These species are V. agnus-castus, V. negundo, V. trifolia and V. pseudo-negundo. In this research, four species of Vitex were collected in flowering stage from their natural habitats. Hydro-distillation method was used to obtaining the essential oils. Essential oils components were identified by capillary GC and GC/MS. In the oil of V. agnus-castus, the main components of essential oil were monoterpenoids (82.8%) with 1,8-cineole (18.5%), a-pinene (17.8%) and limonene (15.7%) as major components. In the oil of V. pseudo-negundo, the main components of the essential oil were sesquiterpenoids (50.7%) which have the highest amount in comparing with other species and include a-guaiene (14.2%), germacrene D (11/6%) and a-cadinol (10%). Also the monoterpenoids of the oil of this species were a-pinene (10.3-24.5%), limonene (4.4-12.8%) and 1,8-cineole (10.9%). In the oil of V. negundo the major components were monoterpenoids (66.6%), among them 1,8-cineole (20.8%) and a-pinene (18.8%) were the main components. In the oil of V. trifolia, the major components were monoterpenoids (67.1%) and the main constituents were identified as sabinene (24.6%) and a- pinene (23.9%). 1,8-cineole was not found in the oil of this species. b-caryophyllene was identified at higher percentage (10.5%) in the oil of V. trifolia.

The composition of essential oil of leaves of the male and female shrubs of Juniperus chinensis L. (growing in Isfahan) was analyzed by gas choromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometery (MS). The main constituents of leaf oil of the male shrub were: bornyl acetate (26.1%), sabinene (18.3%), trans-sabinyl acetate (11.1%), myrcene (9.2%), limonene (6.1%), elemol (5.5%), a-cadinol (2.3%), d-cadinene (2.2%), trans-thujone (1.6%), a-pinene (1.3%) and a-muurolol (1.1%); while the major constituents of leaf oil of the female shrub were: sabinene (18.0%), bornyl acetate (12.3%), carotol (11.4%), elemol (9.9%), myrcene (8.8%), a-pinene (6.4%), d-cadinol (4.8%), limonene (3.9%), d-cadinene (3.4%) and a-muurolol (2.7%).

The extraction of essential oil from the aerial parts of Artemisia tournefortiana was performed by hydrodistillation and identified by GC-MS methods.Twenty nine compounds were obtained that account for 97.3% of the total constituents in the essential oil. The main components were characterized by (E)-thujone (47.0%), sabinene (16.5%) and b-pinene (8.3%). This Artemisia was rich in monoterpenes.

Background and objectives: The oleo-gum resin from Ferula gummosa Bioss. is commercially important. Variability of geographic location has shown a deep effect on essential oil of different genus of plants. Thus, evaluation of oleo-gum resin of Ferula gummosa from different locations is important for further studies. In the present study, phytochemicals profile of essential oil of oleo-gum resins from F. gummosa in different geographic location and various bioclimates of Iran, were studied. Methods: The oleo-gum resin of F. gummosa was collected from different regions of Iran. The essential oils of the samples were extracted by Clevenger apparatus and were analyzed by GC-MS. Results: The highest amount of essential oil compared was observed in the samples from Damghan area (24. 0%), Firuzkuh area (22%) and Kalat-e-Naderi area (22%). The variability in the oil composition of different samples exhibited a notable difference in monoterpenes content from 39. 15 % to 87. 48%. Based on GC-MS analysis, the major components were β,-pinene (5. 11-63. 80 %), sabinene (3. 37-30. 69%), α,-pinene (4. 43-12. 72%) and δ,-carene (2. 38-10. 23 %). The highest concentrations of β, pinene (63. 80%) and sabinene (30. 69%) were observed in the Shiraz and Torbat-e-Jam essential oils, respectively. The highest amounts of α,-pinene (12. 72%) and δ,-carene (10. 23%) were recorded in Firuzkuh and Shiraz areas, respectively. Conclusion: Significant variation in the component of the essential oils from different oleo-gum resins can be used to improve the knowledge about the endemic medicinal plants.

Juniperus communis L. ssp. hemisphaerica is a dioeciously wild growing shrub, which isbelonged to Cupressaceae family and could found in the Alborz Mountain in north of Iran. Theessential oil of Juniper is used as anti-depressant, anti-rheumatic, anti-spasmodic, carminative, antidiabetic, appetizer and diuretic properties. In this research the effects of altitude on thequantitative and qualitative characteristics of the essential oil in different gender of this plantwas investigated. The aerial part of different gender were harvested from two altitudes (2200and 2700 m) in summer 2011. The essential oils were extracted by hydro distillation and wereanalyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results were showed that the foliage of male plants in bothaltitude contained higher oil content (2. 74%-2. 85%) than the female plants (2. 20%-2. 59%). Theα-pinene and sabinene were the main components of essential oils in both foliages, but thehighest amount of α-pinene (48. 81%) and sabinene (44. 47%) were observed in 2200 m in bothfoliage's, respectively. Monoterpenes were the main compounds, which identified in theseessential oils.