Poplar lace bug is one of the most important pests of poplar trees in Karaj. During 1996-1997, activity of the pest was studied with weekly sampling of poplar trees in Karaj Alborz Research Complex. Biology of the pest was studied in the field conditions on pot-grown seedlings. Poplar lace bug overwinters as adults inside the bark crevices of trunk and large branches of host trees, or beneath the dried leaves or debris around tree bases. Activity of the pest started from late April. Egg-laying started from late April or early May and females laied the eggs inside leaf parenshima., The average number of eggs per overvintering female was 41/33 and the average oviposition period was 11/33 days. The insect had five instar nymphes. The nymphes often formed the clones beneath the leaves and sucked sap of leaves and remained their feces at this place. The first generation adults appeared on poplar trees from early June and egg-laying started from mid June. The second and third generation adults appeared on poplar trees from early and late July respectively and for the forth generation adults from mid or late August. In Karaj area, the insect had 3-4 generations per year. Based on our investigation on pot-grown seedlings, average life-span for first, second and part of the third generation insects were 46.76, 47.02 and 42.2 days respectively. Life-span for overwintering adults ( the third and forth generation) including winter diapouse was about 8 months.

Toghrol Tower is a mausoleum located in Rey, southern Tehran. Although the exact date and attribution of this monument is subject to dispute, there is no doubt that it was built under the Seljuk rule. Its plan is circular inside and indented on the exterior façade. There are two entrances on the southwest and northeast. It currently boasts no roof. To reconstruct the original form of the Tower, this paper draws on historic Iranian and foreign travel accounts, manuscripts, sketches and photographs. It is demonstrated that before a restoration in early 1880 AD, there were brick corbels both on the façade of the monument. Corbels were possibly installed on the crowning stalactite frieze below and, probably above, an inscription band in Kufic script. The frame around the southwest entrance was also topped by may be up to three rows of stalactite bands.

The main purpose of seismic hazard analysis is to es timate the seismic loading parameters more accurately to optimize the seismic design of the s tructures and their cos ts. Kahrizak, South Rey and North Rey faults are located in the south of Tehran and some discussions have been raised about their presence. In this paper, after reviewing the discussions about the presence or absence of the mentioned s tructures, their effect on the peak ground acceleration is inves tigated in the Tehran area. The results show that considering these faults in the analysis, increases PGA values up to 100% at a great part of the s tudy area in the south of Tehran. In addition to the variation of the PGA values, the design earthquake characteris tics (in terms of the magnitude and the source to site dis tance) also differ subs tantially between the two cases of the presence and absence of the mentioned s tructures. Based on these results and considering the dramatic effects of uncertainties of south Tehran faults on seismic hazard parameters in the region, further s tudies on the presence or absence of these faults are necessary.

Poplar lace bug, Monosteira unicostata (Het.: Tingidae) is one of the most important insect pest of poplars in nurseries and plantations. During 2003-2005, the rate of poplar lace bug’s eggs was studied on 15 native and exotic poplar clones belonging to Populus nigra L., P. alba L., P. deltoides Marsh and also P. x. euramericana (Dode) Guinier in Alborz Research Center of Karaj. In first step, the clones were planted under the randomized complete blocks design with three replications at late March in 2002. Every experimental plot consisted of 16 seedlings. In each plot, four seedlings were evaluated for adult’s oviposition at 15 day intervals starting in early June until mid October. Four leaves of each seedling were randomly sampled and the sum of the eggs was recorded. The average number of the eggs on one cm2 leaf area was calculated. The data were analyzed using SAS software and Duncan test to compare the means. Based on the three year trial period data, there were significant differences (a=1%) among poplar the species and the clones. The clones Populus alba 44.9 & P. alba 58.57 had the highest density of eggs. Followed by, the clones belonging to Populus nigra and also P. xe. Marilandica species showed the highest density as well. In this survey, P. deltoides 77.51, P. deltoides 73.51, P. deltoides 69.55 and also P. x. euramericana 561.41 showed the least number of eggs. With regards to the results achieved at field and in natural conditions, it is obvious that final opinion on introducing clones with permanent resistant to monosteira unicostata needs next complementary studies at controlled conditions.

The present study seeks to examine and explain the sectarian conflicts in the Seljuk era in a historical way based on historical documents and library resources, and to answer the question of what are the sectarian challenges and conflicts between them? What groups have emerged and what have been the consequences? In the city of Rey, on the one hand, the Sunni followers, with the support of the Seljuk rulers and ministers, were in the majority and priority, and opposed the Shiites from different groups and persecuted them, and on the contrary, the Shiite view and thinking of the Imams. And the Ismailis were present and were accused by the Seljuk sultans of Rafidi. Based on the findings, the expansion of jurisprudential and theological debates, the compilation of numerous books and treatises in proving or rejecting sectarian beliefs and views, the Mu'tazilite recession, and the spread of Sufism are among the most important consequences of these conflicts.

The question of pre-existence, that is the existence of human beings in the antecedent worlds, is one of the key theological questions of the history of Imamite theology. Adopting any positive or negative position in response to this question inevitably determines the orientation of the rest of the theological discussions. Imamite scholars, in different successive schools, have taken different and even conflicting positions concerning this issue. In this research we have taken into consideration the views of the Rey school, which was flourished in the 6th century A.H. It is shown in this article that the majority of the scholars in this seminary, following the scholars of the school of Baghdad, denied the pre-existence of human beings in the previous world of particles. But it seems that, concerning the previous luminous world, a world in which the luminous entities of the prophet and his household lived before their descending to the material world, the scholars of Reyhave adopted a rather opposite direction. They ıncluded, in their hadith books, unprecedented narrations of luminous creation without any negative annotation. This article concludes that these scholars, contrary to the scholars of previous school of Baghdad, either accepted the content of such narrations as valid and credible or preferred not to make any comment and avoid interpreting them as figurative expressions having no straight forward significance about previous worlds.

Land use in Shahre Rey has experienced unprecedented growth in urban areas in recent decades. Land use changes affect social, economic, and environmental conditions. Gathering information about these changes is essential for better planning and management of urban areas in sustainable development. Consequently, the object of this paper is to better examine the Shahre Rey land use changes affected by urban development and to investigate urban landscape integrity using the 1988-2018 "Fragmentation" index. Moreover, it was intended to provide solutions for the determination of hot spots based on appropriate criteria. With the help of Landsat satellite images, four land uses – including urban landscapes, agricultural lands, green spaces, and barren lands – were extracted and the extent of land use changes was determined. In order to investigate the fragmentation of Shahre Rey landscape, the metrics of the number of patches, patch density, and the largest patch were used. Cross-Tab was also used in a part of the study. The results showed that the land use areas of urban lands and urban green space had increased by 369. 7 and 55. 6 hectares, respectively, while agricultural lands and barren lands had decreased by 213. 8 and 211. 5 hectares, respectively. In urban land use, integration had increased. In the green space and agriculture land uses, fragmentation has increased due to the creation and construction of roads. Based on the criteria of "position relative to borders and roads as well as the area and size of patches, '' solutions were made to determine the "hot spots" of vegetation and residential areas to help making plans for the improvement of their conditions. The reason is that land use change, especially the loss of vegetation, has a negative impact on the landscape.

Land use in Shahre Rey has experienced unprecedented growth in urban areas in recent decades. Land use changes affect social, economic, and environmental conditions. Gathering information about these changes is essential for better planning and management of urban areas in sustainable development. Consequently, the object of this paper is to better examine the Shahre Rey land use changes affected by urban development and to investigate urban landscape integrity using the 1988-2018 "Fragmentation" index. Moreover, it was intended to provide solutions for the determination of hot spots based on appropriate criteria. With the help of Landsat satellite images, four land uses – including urban landscapes, agricultural lands, green spaces, and barren lands – were extracted and the extent of land use changes was determined. In order to investigate the fragmentation of Shahre Rey landscape, the metrics of the number of patches, patch density, and the largest patch were used. Cross-Tab was also used in a part of the study. The results showed that the land use areas of ​​urban lands and urban green space had increased by 369. 7 and 55. 6 hectares, respectively, while agricultural lands and barren lands had decreased by 213. 8 and 211. 5 hectares, respectively. In urban land use, integration had increased. In the green space and agriculture land uses, fragmentation has increased due to the creation and construction of roads. Based on the criteria of "position relative to borders and roads as well as the area and size of patches, '' solutions were made to determine the "hot spots" of vegetation and residential areas to help making plans for the improvement of their conditions. The reason is that land use change, especially the loss of vegetation, has a negative impact on the landscape.