Background: The width ratio of teeth is an important factor in dental and facial esthetics. The Golden Proportion (62%) and the recurring esthetic dental Proportion (RED) are two theories in this field that have been suggested to create harmonyamong anterior teeth. These have rarely been studied among the Iranian population.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Golden Proportion and RED Proportion in students, staff, and patients of Shahed dental school.Patients and Methods: This study was conducted with 116 subjects in Shahed dental school photographs of the subject’s anterior teeth were taken from the frontal view. The perceived width ratios of canine to lateral incisor and lateral incisor to central incisor were calculated. In this study, the Golden Proportion was evaluated within the range of 0.55 – 0.64. To evaluate the existence of the RED Proportion in each subject, the width ratio of canine to lateral incisor was compared with the width ratio of lateral incisor to central incisor.Results: The Golden Proportion existed in 25% of the perceived width ratios of lateral incisor to central incisor, and 2.1% of the width ratios of canine to lateral incisor in natural dentition. The RED Proportion existed in 18.5% of subjects, and the most recurring Proportion was 0.73 in these subjects.Conclusions: The Golden Proportion and the RED Proportion cannot be used as constant Proportions to create a harmonious Proportion throughout the width of maxillary anterior teeth.

Background and purpose: Ethambutol (EMB) is one of the first - line drugs used for anti-tubercular therapy but resistance to this medicine is developed in many parts of the world. EMB resistant strains commonly have embB mutations. Purpose of this research was detection of EMB-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from patients by MAS-PCR method and comparison with Proportion procedure.Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty M. tuberculosis strains were isolated from patients with tuberculosis in Tabriz TB research center. Susceptibility testing to EMB was performed by the Proportion method. DNA was isolated from cultivated cells by SDS-proteins K modified method. Isolated DNA was used as the template for PCR reaction.Results: One hundred and sixteen strains were susceptible to EMB and 4 (3.33%) strains were resistant to EMB. All EMB resistant strains were multidrug-resistant. The MAS-PCR method was used to evaluate of mutation in the embB306 codon. Mutation was seen at the embB306 codon in all resistant strains to ethambutol.Conclusion: The results showed that MAS-PCR method can be used as a simple and rapid procedure for detecting EMB-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains.

In Fisher's and Arrow-Debreu's market equilibrium models with linear utilities, a set B of buyers and a set G of divisible goods, suppose that there are some buyers with surplus money w.r.t current prices of goods. If there does not exists an equilibrium, then, there are some buyers with surplus money w.r.t the given prices. A set of buyers with surplus money called a violated set. Computing this set helps to find the set of buyers with maximum surplus money w.r.t the given prices.  In this paper, two new kinds of violated sets are defined, which called maximum Proportion and most violated sets. We present an algorithm to compute a maximum Proportion set, which runs in at most |B| maximum flow computations. Also, we show that the set of all buyers B is a most violated set.

Pension systems are one of vital components of every society; therefore identifying problems facing these systems seems inevitable. The exceeding amount of uses to sources is a major problem of pension systems in Iran that needs careful understanding of factors affecting the system in order to propose efficient policies. In this study, system dynamics approach is used to model pension system. According to our dynamic model, the proposed policies are: retirement and population policies, investment policy, nongovernmental market policy, welfare services policy and mechanism alteration policy. The results indicate that investment and mechanism alteration policies are the most efficient ones in the long run.

Background and Aim: Urinary tract infection (UTI) might be associated with bacteremia and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in neonates, which can lead to renal parenchymal scarring and chronic kidney disease in complicated situations. We aimed to determine the occurrence of UTI in neonatal sepsis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 term extramural hospitalized neonates suspected to have infection. They underwent a detailed history, physical examination, and comprehensive sepsis workup. The diagnosis of neonatal UTI was based on a positive urine culture obtained by suprapubic aspiration (SPA). Results: Out of 500 neonates included in our study (324 boys and 176 girls), blood culture was positive in 84 (36. 5%) neonates in the early onset sepsis group (n=230) and in 130 (48. 1%) neonates in late onset sepsis group (n=270) (p < 0. 05). In both early onset sepsis (EOS) and late onset sepsis (LOS) groups, blood culture was found to be positive in a greater Proportion of male (41. 3%) versus female (29. 3%) patients (p <0. 05). The most common organism isolated from blood and urine culture was Klebsiella followed by E-coli. Urine culture was positive in 34 (6. 8%) patients of whom 29 (85%) culture positive cases were from the LOS group (p <0. 05). Conclusion: UTI is not uncommon among the hospitalized neonates, and UTI evaluation among septic neonates can prove beneficial for the prevention of long-term sequelae of neonatal UTI.

Background & Aim: One of the most important tasks in esthetic dentistry is creating harmonious Proportions between the width of maxillary anterior teeth when restoring or replacing these teeth. The concept of golden Proportion is a main guideline, introduced in this field. Since smile is the best judgement for assessment of dentofacial esthetics in practice, this study aimed to investigate the existence of the golden Proportion in individuals having esthetic smiles.Method &Materials: This descriptive study with sequential sampling has been conducted with 157 dental students (75 women and 82 men) with ages ranging from 18 to 30. The students whose smiles in normal situation didn't develop visual tension with regard of study's criteria and their own criteria were selected as individuals having esthetic smile. An image measurements program (Dimaxis 2.3.1, Planmeca, Finland) was used to measure the apparent mesiodistal width of 6 maxillary anterior teeth on the scanned photographs of these subjects. The existence of the golden Proportion was investigated in the width ratios of maxillary anterior teeth. Then the existence of the golden Proportion was investigated within the Preston's range in the individual who had completely aligned maxillary anterior teeth. Finally, the existence of the golden Proportion in maxillary anterior teeth was determined according to gender statistically with X2 scores.Results: The golden Proportion of 0.6 within the 0.55-0.64 range, and 0.62 within the Preston's range (0.61-0.63) was not found to exist between perceived maxillary anterior teeth width of individuals having esthetic smiles. Alignment of the maxillary anterior teeth or gender did not affect the existence of the golden Proportion. Conclusion: Golden Proportion doesn't exist as a common factor in esthetic smile and can not be used as a constant Proportion to create harmonious Proportion between the widths of maxillary anterior teeth.

Introduction: Physical attraction has a significant effect on all aspects of personal life, and in this category facial appearance is the most important part of the body in prediction of attractiveness. In the face, mouth and specially shape and size of anterior teeth is important to gain dental and facial esthetic. The aim of this study is evaluation of golden Proportion from orthodontic view in maxillary anterior teeth in both sexes.Methods: Considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, 100 students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences were selected, and photographs of their frontal social smile were taken by a standard method from 30cm distance. Then visible part of central, lateral and canine teeth was measured by Photoshop software (Adobe Photoshop ver8) with 0.1mm precision. Data was evaluated by descriptive statistical analysis and sample T-test using SPSS.Results: According to descriptive statistical analysis and sample T- test, mean ratio of central to lateral teeth in the left side in men and women was 1.209±0.199 and 1.157±0.156 and in the right side in men and women was 1.179±0.27 and 1.158 ± 0.145, respectively. The ratio of lateral to canine teeth in the left side in men and women was 1.522±0.146 and 1.494±0.127 and in the right side in men and women was 1.55±0.164 and 1.51±0.114, respectively. Golden Proportion was seen between central and lateral teeth in 16% in the right side and 3.4% in the left side only in men.Conclusion: Golden Proportion was seen between central and lateral in the left side and right side in men, but due to large canine in men, this Proportion was not seen between lateral and canine teeth and so due to small lateral in women, it was not seen between anterior teeth.

The stucco decorations of Haftshouyeh altar are among the dominant altars in Ilkhani period in terms of patterns and forms. Most of the studies in the literature have been considered the date and the historical range of the work. The weakness of the previous works is that the metrics of decorative motifs, their Proportions, structure and geometric relationships have not been considered. The contribution of this work is to answer the following questions: What are the types of motifs used in this altar? How the structure and Proportions of this altar and its motifs are designed and implemented? The aim of this work is to describe and analyze the Haftshouyeh’ s mosque altar in terms of plants and geometric motifs, Proportions, structure and geometric relationships in a descriptive-analytic manner. The obtained results reveal that the patterns and stucco motifs have been implemented with thickness, prominent, complexity and various types of stucco. Various types of Aslymyha such as Khortumyha, Dhanhazhdary, Aslymyhay Framing and Art excursions (snail excursions) are used in this altar. The general form of the altar and its motifs are based on the golden ratio and the structure and geometric relationships. The high magnitude is a major characteristic of the altar. The motifs of the altar are unique in terms of visual and aesthetic values.