Introduction: Premature loss of primary teeth affects child's nutrition, sleep, growth, and self-confidence. Besides, it can cause undesirable movement of the primary or permanent teeth. Case presentation: This paper reports a 5. 5-year old boy presenting with severe-early childhood caries, who had suffered from early extraction of some primary teeth as well as several other dental problems. After thorough clinical and radiographic evaluations, the treatment plan consisted of two phases. In the first phase, the focus of the treatment was on oral hygiene instruction, fluoride therapy, restorative procedures, pulp treatments, and extraction of nonrestorable teeth. In the second phase, space management strategies were considered. Conclusion: We designed a new modification of Groper's appliance to serve as space regainer and space maintainer, simultaneously. By replacing the extracted primary anterior teeth, both the parents and the patient were satisfied with the results.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was investigating the effectiveness of mindful parenting training on improvement of experiential avoidance, self-compassion and mindfulness in stressed mothers with preschooler child. Methods: The design of the present study is experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up with sham group. Participants of 40 mothers with preschool children who were randomly divided into experimental and sham groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 2-hour mindful parenting educational intervention and the sham group received 8 sessions of 2-hour English language training. For measuring experiential avoidance, self-compassion, mindfulness, in order Acceptance, Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), Self-Compassion Scale-short form (SCS-SF), and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) were used. Questionnaires were used in 3 phases including pre-test, post-test and two month-follow-up. Statistical analysis of data based on repeated measures analysis of variance and covariance Results: The findings showed that the mean scores on the experimental avoidance, self-compassion and mindfulness variables in the experimental group at the post-test and follow-up phase were significantlyhigher than the intervention group(p <0. 01). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that mindful parenting training is effective on improving the experience avoidance and promoting self-compassion and mindfulness of mothers with preschool children.

Objective: Speech and language disorders are considered as one of the most important public health problems that have many secondary complications, especially on the quality of life of childhood and adolescence. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of speech disorders and its association with parents, reported sucking behaviors of children including breast feeding, bottle feeding, using a pacifier, finger sucking, and other sucking behaviors in 3-5 years old children in Bushehr City, Iran.Materials & Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 3-5 years old children in Bushehr City, Iran during 2015-2016. Using two-stage sampling method, preschools and kindergartens were randomly selected in the first stage and children were selected by systematic random sampling method in the second stage. Their parents completed a self-administered questionnaire to collect information on children’s feeding during infancy and sucking behaviors, start and stop age of breast-and bottle-feeding, pacifier use, finger sucking and other sucking behaviors. Evaluation of speech problems was conducted at each preschool with subsequent scoring by a speech therapist and her assistant using phonetic information test. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and frequency) and Independent t test (for comparing quantitative variables between two groups of children with and without speech disorders), Chi-square test (to examine the relationship between demographic variables and speech disorders) and logistic regression (to compare speech disorders between different groups of children in terms of sucking habits). SPSS version 18 was used for analyzing the data. In all analyzes, the significant level was considered as 0.05.Results: Total of 222 children, aged 36 to 72 months were assessed (49.5% girls and 50.5% boys). Mothers, (72.5%) and fathers, (68%) education level was mostly university degree. The frequency of speech disorders was 9.5%. In speech production, 20 (9%) children had mild disorder, 1 had moderate disorder, and 201 (90.5%) children were normal. Speech production organs were normal in all children. Totally, 212 (95.5%) children were breast fed and 125 (56.3%) were bottle-fed. The majority of children (50.9%) had exclusive breast feeding. Children were breast fed for mean±SD duration of 16.08±8.06 months and were bottle-fed for 15.93±10.2 months. Eighty-three (37.4%) children had used a pacifier for an average±SD of 10.84±9.09 months; 22 (10%) children were reported to have sucked their fingers. Mean±SD onset age of finger sucking was 9.59±7.9 months and the age of finger sucking cessation was 15±8.28 months. The majority of children (4.5%) had sometimes sucked their fingers. Only 7 (3.2%) children had a sucking history other than finger and pacifier sucking. There was no significant difference between children with and without speech disorders regarding the age of mother (P=0.09), children’s weight (P=0.48) and when attended the kindergarten (P=0.95). Also, there was not any significant relationship between child’s sex (P=0.25), maternal education (P=0.80), father's education (P=0.33), history of acute otitis media (P=0.72) and history of hospital admission in the first month of birth (P=1) with speech disorders. There was no significant relationship between bottle-feeding (P=0.49), using pacifier (P=0.48), sucking objects (P=0.50) and breast feeding (P=1) with speech disorders. The only significant relationship was found between finger sucking and speech disorders (P=0.043). The odds of speech disorder was 3.36 fold more in children with finger sucking compared to other children (95%CI: 1.09-10.31).Conclusion The frequency of speech disorder in preschool children in Bushehr is higher than the global figures reported. The results suggest a significant relationship between finger-sucking behavior and speech disorder in 3-5 years old children in Bushehr. This highlights the importance of prevention and early treatment of childhood finger sucking habit in preschool children.

the relationship between the components of mother-child relationship with anxiety syndrome in preschool children was investigated. 291 females selected by cluster sampling method from a group of mothers with children aged 2-6 years old in Tehran completed the Preschool Anxiety Scale (Spence et al, 2001) and Child-Parent Relationship Scale (Pianta, 1992). The results obtained from regression analysis and correlation showed that positive relationship of mother-child was a negative predictor of the social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and the fear of physical injuries. Whereas conflict in mother-child relationship was a positive predictor of anxiety symptoms, especially generalized anxiety, social anxiety disorders and fear of physical injuries. Also, the dependence of mother-child positively predicted anxiety syndrome, in particular separation anxiety. The implications of mother-child relationship in the assessment of children's welfare, especially in clinical contexts and the need for formulation and implementation of treatment profiles by child clinicians were discussed.

Background&aim: Mothers’ training about suitable nutritional models plays an important role in the development of children’s nutritional habits. These habits may continue into adulthood and promote the individual’s lifestyle. In the present study, we aimed to compare the effects of mother’s training via newsletter and discussion group on energy intake of preschool children.Methods: This experimental study was performed on 192 mothers of preschool children. The convenience method of sampling was employed, and the subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: group discussion, newsletter, and control group. In the newsletter group, the subjects received newsletters over 4 weeks. In the discussion group, subjects were trained about the same educational content, as the newsletter group, in 1-hour classes for a total of 4 weeks; the control group received no intervention. Data collection was carried out before, immediately, and one month after the interventions, using questionnaires to measure maternal knowledge and children's dietary intake. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 with ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Friedman tests.Results: Energy intake was similar before intervention in three groups. Immediately after intervention, no significant difference was observed between newsletter (5.7±2.10) and discussion group (0.8±2.10); however, it was significantly higher, compared to the control group (P=0.015). After one month follow-up, no significant difference was observed between newsletter (5.7±2.10) and discussion group; but the energy intake in both groups was significantly higher than the control group (P=0.003).Conclusion: The study results showed that training via newsletters and group discussion has the same effect on children’s energy intake. Therefore, it is recommended to use newsletter as an effective and simple alternative educational method.

Background and Objectives: Bottles for packaging drinking water represent one of the most popular uses of plastic and polymer additives. Recently, public concerns related to possibility of exposure to chemicals through the consumption of polyethylene terephthalate bottled water has caused great concern to consumers. Phthalate esters, as a class of these compounds, are often classified as endocrine disruptors and one of them is a possible carcinogen for human. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of phthalates in bottled water and to calculate the health risk of phthalates intake via consumption of bottled waters.Materials and Method: After purchasing, samples were immediately stored according to the recommended conditions (25 ºC, dark place) given on the bottle label. Migration of phthalates was investigated in PET-bottled water at different time intervals using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Therefore, a phthalate exposure assessment was performed to characterize their risk to the consumer’s health via a calculated hazard quotient (HQ).Results: It seems that the duration of storage affects phthalate migration. Total increases of DEHP (811.8%), DBP (2545.2%), and BBP (832%) were observed at 12 months over the initial level before storage (bottled water immediately after production); but the level of phthalates in bottled water was always very low (<EPA: 6 mg/L). Non-carcinogenic risk assessment from exposure to phthalate via consumption of bottled water was negligible in all of the subject groups (HQ<1). Furthermore, a little excess cancer risk of 9.9´10-7 for bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was observed.Conclusion: The research showed that the concentration of phthalates in PET-bottled water was extremely low. Consequently, based on the risk assessment results, bottled waters regarding existence of safe for consumers and they phthalates are not considered as public health issue for consumers as phthalates does not have any risk exposure for the consumers.

Misbehaviors of childhood are important. Ignoring these misbehaviors and not solving them can cause serious problems in adulthood. This research to aim was conducted study the effectiveness of Floor time play therapy on the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and hyperactivity reducing of preschool children, in a semi-experimental design with a pretest and posttest, and control group. Thirty of the children with ODD and hyperactivity in Neyshabur were selected using purposeful sampling method from preschools of Gole Bita, Seteregan Pooya, Parnian day cares. The experimental group participants received 13 sessions of the Floor time play therapy three days a week and the control group not participants received any therapy. The data were collected using the Child Symptoms Inventory-Fourth Edition (CSI-4), and were analyzed using analysis of covariance analysis of statistical menthod. The findings indicated that the Floor time play therapy is effective in reducing the oppositional defiant disorder and hyperactivity of preschooler children. According to findings, it can be concluded that the Floor time play therapy leads to improvement of the preschooler children with oppositional defiant and hyperactivity disorder.