Background: Transnational networks such as Communities of Practice (CoPs) are flourishing, yet their role in diffusing health systems reforms has been seldom investigated. Over the past decade, Performance-Based Financing (PBF) has rapidly spread in Africa. This study explores how, through the PBF Community of Practice’ s attributes, structure, and strategies, PBF diffusion was fostered in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods: Informed by the diffusion entrepreneurs’ (DEs) framework dimensions, we used a mixed methods convergent design to investigate how the attributes, structure, and strategies of this community fostered the diffusion of PBF. The quantitative strand of work included firstly a semantic discourse analysis of textual data extracted from CoP’ s online discussion forum (n = 1346 posts). Secondly, the relational data extracted from these 1346 forum posts was examined using social network analysis (SNA). We confronted these quantitative results with a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews (n = 40) and data extracted from the CoP’ s key documentation (n = 17). Results: CoP members’ attributes included: representation systems anchored in clinical and economic sciences, strong expectations that the CoP would boost professional visibility and career, and significant health systems knowledge and social resources. The CoP’ s core group, dominated by high-income country (HIC) members, critically matched PBF principles to major health systems issues in Africa. The broad consensus in online PBF thematic discussions created a strong sense of community, a breeding ground for emulation among CoP members. The CoP also sought to produce and promote experiential knowledge exchanges about PBF amongst African practitioners. Findings from network analyses showed that the promoted Africa-driven community was led by HIC members, although their prominence tended to decrease with time. Conclusion: This empirical research highlighted some of the constituting features, structure, and strategies of policy networks in influencing health policy diffusion. Despite good intentions to disrupt the established governance landscape, influential actors coming from HICs continued to drive the framing, and shaped health systems policy experimentation, emulation, and learning in African countries. Beyond mere knowledge exchange platforms, CoP can act as meaningful transnational policy networks pursuing the diffusion of health systems reforms, such as PBF.

Countries need short, medium, and long-term investmentplans for production growth and development. Differentsources for these investments can be supplied through retainedprofit, stock issuance, and bank loans, or a combination them. Institutions and firms need huge amount of capitals for theirsurvival, production, and also development of activities. In addition, these institutions and firms rely heavily on financialmarkets for self-Financing. The role of financial markets is toprovide the required capitals for institutions and firms. Financingstrategy is considered as one of the main areas of financialmanagement decisions in companies seeking to increase shareholders’ wealth. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to discussconventional methods of external Financing through debt andstock issuance and explain their associated advantages anddisadvantages.

Financing decisions and capital structure are very important for companies and are influenced by several factors. This study aims to examine the relationship between managers' Financing attitudes (internal or external) and their Financing policies. In this examination, the survey population consists of companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange whose CEO or financial manager (at least one) was unchanged between 2019 and 2021. Redman et al.'s (2002) questionnaire was applied to determine the attitude toward Financing. Financing policies used by the managers were collected by referring to the audited financial statements of the companies. Totally, 51 usable answers were received from the respondents. The research hypotheses were dragging using a multivariate regression equation model in the form of panel data. The results show a significant relationship between the Financing methods through retained earnings and debt with the attitudes toward Financing from the place of retained earnings and debt. In contrast, the Financing tendency through debt has no significant relationship with the policy of Financing the stock issue through the issuance of shares.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimal timing of capital investment, Financing and Financing. The statistical population of this research is Tehran Stock Exchange firms. The number of firms listed as the sample is considered. The respondents were asked to answer the questionnaire. This research is among applied research and in terms of method, it is a descriptive study of survey type. Then, using partial least squares approach, the relationship between research variables and main model of research is studied. The raw data obtained from the statistical society were analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques and smart pls software the results showed that there is a significant relationship between optimal operating time and cash assistance. There is a significant relationship between debt Financing and cash assistance. There is a significant relationship between investment and cash flow.

Todays, social entrepreneurship is recognized as a way of effective and sustainable economic and social development. So, this concept needs more attention on the society and the country level. However, Financing is a strategic issues that social entrepreneurs are facing in launching and managing social businesses. The aims of this study is to identify the ways of Financing social entrepreneurship. Methodology of the study is survey approach and the purpose is an applied research. Data was gathered by researcher made questionnaire that validity are confirmed by experts and reliability was proved by Alpha. Statistical population, are executives and social entrepreneurs in Tehran city. The sample included 120 active social entrepreneurs. Data analysis is done by descriptive statistics and confirmative factor analysis. The results showed that grants, in come, investment, and government support are the most important role in social entrepreneurship Financing.