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Investigating the impact of teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic on work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS of employees: a review article Ghasemi N1, Fallah H2, Nabian M3, Ghasemi M4, Halvani Gh5, Najafipour A6[1] 1 Master of ergonomic, Department of occupational health, School of health, Yazd university of medical sciences, Yazd, Iran 2 Assistant professor, Department of occupational health, School of health, Yazd university of medical sciences, Yazd, Iran 3 Orthopedics assistant professor, Trans-disciplinary research Institute of COTAR, Tehran, Iran 4 Associate Professor, School of nursery, Islamic Azad University, Arak Science and Research Unit, Arak, Iran 5 Associate Professor, Department of occupational health, School of health, Yazd university of medical sciences, Yazd, Iran 6 Medical student, Medical school, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran Abstract Introduction: Advances in technology have increased job flexibility for employees and employers alike. On the other hand, effective teleworking requires planning, the COVID-19 pandemic has forced many employees to quickly change their workplace from outside to home, without ensuring that the conditions are ready. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of teleworking on musculoskeletal disorders and PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS in the days of Corona. Materials and Methods: This research was done by a review method. Articles were searched from 2020 to 2023 on PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar sites with the key words Ergonomics, Teleworking, MSDs, and COVID19. Results: A total of 93 articles were reviewed. By evaluating the titles, 45 related articles and 30 articles were selected by reviewing the abstracts, and finally 13 articles which full text was available were selected. These articles refer to the study of the effects of teleworking on musculoskeletal disorders and PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS in the era of Corona. Conclusion: Most of the studies point to the increase of musculoskeletal disorders. Teleworkers have experienced more musculoskeletal pain and discomfort in different areas of the body. Longer working hours with shorter breaks to meet increased work demands, social isolation, lack of support from colleagues, blurred boundaries between work and home, and omnipresence of work are some of the PSYCHOSOCIAL and organizational FACTORS associated with musculoskeletal disorders. For some employees, teleworking will remain a common way of working in the post-pandemic era. Therefore, it is necessary to identify telework-related risk FACTORS for musculoskeletal disorders and address them with timely telework preventive measures and the individual needs of employees.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the role of PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS resulting in delinquency of 100 delinquent Juveniles in Tabriz prison in 1997. One hundred subjects were selected randomly from 400 delinquent Juveniles. They were examined by a semi structured clinical interview along with a questionnaire which contained personal and family information. The range of ages of the subjects ranged from 11-22 years and the maximum were in 17-19 years age (58%). Eighty seven percent of the subjects were unemployed and 13% were high school students. Most of them had completed primary or middle grade education (83%). The kinds of crimes were as follows: stealing (43%), physical aggression and violent behaviour (11%), sodomy (11%), alcohol abuse (11%), substance abuse (9%), sex offenses (8%) homicide (6%) and annoyance (2%). In this study the significance of the following PSYCHOSOCIAL fators were indicated: illiteracy of the parents, (fathers 53% mothers 74%), poor economical status (72%), crowded family (58%), positive history of crime in the family (17%), positive history of mental illness in the family (9%), positive past history of mental illness in subjects (14%), positive history of legal offences in subjects (18%), and antisocial behaviour (37%). The subjects introduced the following precipitating FACTORS in their delinquency and antisocial behaviours: Joining to delinquent group (53%), psychopathology of family (29%) and themselves (18%).

Background & Aims: Although sports fanaticism has a long history, and small and large football clubs around the world have sometimes had fanatical fans for more than a century, the formation of a fan culture is a relatively emerging phenomenon of which there is insufficient knowledge. Sport is generally tied to the concept of fan culture,Sports fanaticism and its components, including sports clubs and players, have become a cohesive culture known as the fan culture. Because fans have an emotional attachment to their favorite teams, they cannot be understood without considering culture and cultural analysis. With the rise of violence and aggression in football since the 1990s, various countries have taken precautionary measures to reduce it among fans, based on the promotion of a cultural atmosphere and the development of a fan culture. Violence and aggression are PSYCHOSOCIAL phenomena that occur in exciting collective settings. Since the culture of advocacy is learnable and its system follows the patterns of habit-response, it is necessary to develop and improve the culture of advocacy by discovering the PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS associated with it. Over the past years, the country's football has been moving towards professionalism, but in parallel, no special program has been considered for the development of a fan culture towards professionalism, because there is no knowledge of the FACTORS affecting its development. Based on this, it is necessary to adopt a theoretical approach to identify and analyze the PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS affecting the development of advocacy culture. Methods: The method of this research was qualitative and based on the data theory of the foundation and in terms of purpose it was of the fundamental-exploratory type. Research data were collected through snowball sampling technique and based on in-depth interviews with 23 scientific and executive elites of sports (including cultural directors, coaches and sports directors, referees and university professors). This process continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Interview times ranged from 20 to 50 minutes. The text of each interview was written to be used to analyze the participants' answers. In order to evaluate the quality and validation of qualitative results in the present study, Lincoln and Gaba (1985) evaluation criteria including validity, portability, reliability and verification criteria were used. Results: Based on the findings, social and psychological FACTORS were discovered. Based on the semantic similarity, these categories were composed of 11 sub-categories, which are called representation of fan culture in cyberspace, representation of fan culture in cyberspace, representation of fan culture in the fan club, representation of fan culture in national media, education, interest Taking the linguistic features of football culture, the activities of clubs and managerial FACTORS in the category of social FACTORS and categories of respecting the right of the fans, observing standards and control measures, improving the stadium environment, creating flow and directing emotions in the category of psychological FACTORS Were classified. In addition, the subcategories themselves were a combination of 62 primary codes that were extracted by reviewing the interviews. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to provide a model for the development of a fan culture in sport. Findings showed that the development of advocacy culture is a function of changes in social and psychological FACTORS. Social FACTORS include the representation of the culture of advocacy in cyberspace and representation in the national media. Because fans have interacted with national media and virtual media through the media, fan issues can be taught and fans can be led to professionalism. Training seems to be an important determinant, but it should not be merely an emphasis on the fan community, and coaches, players, and leaders need to be trained to learn how to behave. Also, the representation of the culture of advocacy in important communities has a role in the formation of symbols and behavioral patterns. Fan clubs, if they are aware of their duties, can lead fans to professionalism in the culture of advocacy. Management FACTORS also further reflect the fact that the development of a culture of advocacy depends on proper planning. The next case is the use of the linguistic features of the advocacy culture. The fan community has produced its own symbolic systems and thus shaped the culture of support. The activity of clubs was the last dimension of social FACTORS. Perhaps their importance in professionalism and moving towards industrialization is more than anything else. Psychological FACTORS included dimensions such as compliance with standards and control measures. It seems that not all measures to develop a fan culture are merely actions, because in some cases, the behavior and actions of the fans require officials to react. Also, creating and directing emotions causes behavioral orientation, and because cultural currents follow and direct large currents, it is necessary to pay enough attention to this important issue. What we are witnessing now in the country's stadiums is a kind of influence of collective behaviors. Provocation by some leaders, players, as well as coaches, and even coaching interviews in pre-and post-match press conferences push the margins and play a role in shaping behaviors on the podium. Significant measures have been taken in the world's leading clubs to cultivate and improve the stadium environment, so that now the atmosphere is calmer than in the past. Meanwhile, in the five decades that have passed since its official activity, Iranian football has gone through many ups and downs on the path to becoming a professional,In terms of the facilities provided to the teams, the manner and system of the game, the payment of large contracts to coaches and players, the online sale of tickets and the equipment of the stadium have become almost professional, but in terms of the behavior of spectators and football fans in stadiums So far, no significant movement has taken place and the word "cultural" of cultural and sports clubs has been abandoned and has found only a slogan-like meaning. Respect for the rights of fans can be seen in all countries of style. During the Corona Pandemic, which began in 2020, clubs were inevitably deprived of the direct support of their fans and spectators, and it was observed that right after 1 year of enduring this situation, clubs The big world protested against this situation and tried to fill this gap through the European Super League. These discussions were merely presenting a theoretical approach to the FACTORS affecting the development of the desired supportive culture in sports, and it is necessary to conduct an empirical study of the PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS affecting the development of a supportive culture in sports.