Several physical, chemical, biological methods and combination of them are used for domestic wastewater nitrogen and phosphrous removal. In this study, subsurface horizontal constructed wetland with length of 13-6 m, width of 10 m and depth of 0.55 m with Phargmites australis is used. Soil porosity was 40 percent. The system irrigated with domestic wastewater. The wastewater COD, TN, TKN and PO4 concentration was 300, 45-57 and 45-92 mg /l respectively. Hydraulic loading increased from 5 cm / day to 7.2 cm /d while detention time decreased from 4.2 days to 3 days. Removal percent of COD, TN, TKN and PO4 = at hydraulic loading equal to 5 cm / d and detention time of 4.2 days was 90, 83, 94 and 92 percent respectively. The study also indicates that removal percent of COD / TN / TKN and PO4 = at loading of 7.2 cm/day was 93, 8, 86 and 73 respectively.

Introduction: Iran is one of the important countries of the world for growing flowers and ornamental plants. One of the reasons for such high capability is due to different climates in this area. Lilium from Liliaceae family is one of the most important bulbous cut flowers, which maintaining its postharvest quality has a special importance. Nutrition is one of the factors affecting the preservation of cut flowers quality. Material and methods: In this study, effects of the ordinary super phosphate (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg l-1) and mycorrhizal fungi in two levels of consumption and non-consumption (0 and 50 mg per 5 kg soil) were investigated according to a factorial experiment, using a completely randomized design with 4 replications to study the morphological and physiological traits of Lilium Longiflorum cultivar ‘Royal Trinity’. Different parameters as,stem height, bud diameter, leaf length (in two areas), bulb weight, postharvest longevity, amount of soluble sugar, Non-soluble sugar, phosphorus and potassium were measured. Results and discussion: Results indicated that applying different levels of phosphate and mycorrhizal fungi significantly increased stem height, bud diameter, leaf length (in two areas), bulb weight, postharvest longevity, amount of soluble sugar, Non-soluble sugar, phosphorus and potassium, in compare with control. Mycorrhizal fungus, due to the extensive networks and increase the area and rate of root absorption, increases the efficiency of plants in absorbing water and nutrients, especially phosphorous elements and finally improve their growth (Vosatka and Albrechtova, 2009). Phosphorus content also affects physiological parameters in plants. One of the parameters is increase in the amount of photosynthesis. It has been shown that phosphorus plays an important role in transfering energy during photosynthesis. Therefore, mycorrhiza fungus is a stimulant to enhance photosynthesis (Demir, 2004). Conclusions: Mycorrhizal fungi have beneficial effects on plant symbiosis. The beneficial effects of mycorrhizal fungi are on improving the nutritional status of host plants, especially phosphorus.

Enzootic recumbency of cattle is a disease with unknown etiology that occurs in grazing cows on mountainous rangelands during drought seasons in Urmia region. In present study blood parameters including calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus and potassium were estimated in affected animals. Results showed that only the concentration of serum inorganic phosphorus in diseased cows were significantly (p<0.01) lower than healthy ones (1.85±0.182 versus 5.34±0.279). Hypophosphatemia with impairment of metabolism of carbohydrate and creatine phosphate in skeletal muscles could be a reason for recumbency.Another explanation might be that hypophesphatemia indirectly could be a predisposing factor for other diseases causing recumbency.

In order to study the effect of different rate of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) on grain yield and essential oil rate of anise an experiment was conducted in pots with 12 treatments, each with different amounts of Nitrogen on urea form in three levels: No (without Nitrogen), N30 (30 Kilogram of N in hectar that equals 0.11 grams of N in the pot) N60 (60 kilograms of N in hectar that equals 0.23 of N in the pot) and some phosphorus in the form of super phosphate triple in four levels: Po(without phosphorus), P30 (30 kgs of P in hectar that equals 0.11 grams of P in the pot), P60 (60kgs of P in hectar that equals 0.23 grams of P in the pot), P90 (90 kgs of P in hectar that equals 0.35 grams of P in the pot) using factorial experiment with completely randomized design with five replications. The result of the experiment indicates that there is a significant difference at 1% statistical level between difference levels of N, P and their interaction with anise grain yield. Also the highest yield is concerned with N60 and P60 treatments.Since there is no statistically significant difference between P60 and P90 treatments, concerning the mean comparison, it can be concluded that the highest yield of anise grain 60kgs of N and P in hectar. The essential, oil obtained, using water distillation method was also measured. The result indicates that adding azote and phosphorus fertilizers has no effect on the essintial oil content obtained and there is no statistically significant difference between the means of different treatments. Regarding the essential oil yield (amount of essential oil in area unit), the result indicates a significant difference at 1% statistical level between different treatments. The highest amount of essential oil obtained, is concerned with N60 and P60 treatments. The comparison of the means of different treatments also showed that there is no statistically significant difference between P60 and P90 treatments.

Because of the close association between hormonal influence and high blood pressure, the aim of this study was to determine the association between C-Peptide level and pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). in this cross sectional case control studey. 21 females with Pili and 31 pregnant females without hypertension were enrolled in this study. All the cases were under 45 years and both groups were matched for weight. The index of hypertension was either systolic blood pressure 140 mm/Hg or above, or else diastolic blood pressure 90 mmHg or above serum concentrations of C-Peptide, glucose, total protein, sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus were mesured in all the cases and the mean values were compared in the two groups. Serum C-Peptide concentrations in PIH women were significantly higher than controls (L3±0.12ng/ml vs 0.76±0.05ng/ml, P<0.05). In contrast women with PIH exhibited lower mean serum PHOSPHOURS levels (2.59±0.14mg/dl vs 3.1±0.18mg/dl, P<0.05). No significant changes were observed in the other variables. Upon the results obtained, we conclude that the level of insulin secretion in women with PIH was more compared to normal women independent of the effeets of obesity which could be due to the high resistance to insulin seen in these cases during pregnancy

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the interaction of bacterial inoculation and iron treatment (nano and Fechelate) on physiological traits of alfalfa. Material and Methods: In this study, effects of inoculation with standard Rhizobium meliloti, effects of different levels of iron (Fe-chelate, 0, 5, 10, 20 and 25 μ M Fe2O3 nanoparticles) and the interaction of bacterial inoculation and iron treatment were investigated on alfalfa in a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three replications for 45 days. The measured traits were growth indexes, photosynthetic pigments, protein, proline, antioxidants activity, DPPH(diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl)-radical scavenging activity percent and elements content. Results: Rhizobium incoculation alone showed beneficial effects on the alfalfa growth and was caused increasing in growth parameters, pigmants, protein content, potassium and PHOSPHOURS uptake. However inoculation did not effect on the proline and antioxidant content. Iron treatment had a positive effect on the growth parameters, pigmants, protein content and elemant uptake. Highest values of growth parameters was observed 25μ M Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The highest values of proline and antioxidants activity were measured in control (0μ M nanoparticles). Since this concentration is considered a stress for alfalfa. Negative effects of 0μ M nanoparticles decreased in inoculated alfalfa plants with R. meliloti. Indeed rhizobium causes increasing in inoculated plant resistant by reducing stressful conditions. Conclusion: Rhizobium-alfalfa symbiosis plus iron nanofertilizer can cause increasing in plant resistance to stress, in addition to increase growth of plant. The highest amount of growth parameters, pigmants and protein content was measured in inoculated plant with Rhizobium meliloti and 10μ M nanoparticles.

Background Objective: Hemodialysis is used as a means to eliminate the waste from the body fluids and a substitute for renal function. Although it would greatly help patients with renal failure, its prolonged use would cause several side effects. Hearing loss, common finding in patients with chronic renal failure, is suspected to be a side effect of hemodialysis. In the present study we evaluated the effect of regular hemodialysis on the hearing status of patients. Methods: Pure Tone Audiometry was performed in 100 patients undergoing hemodialysis for several years. Patients fall into the following 3 groups regarding the time they have been under this treatment: 1. Duration less than 12 months 2. Durations between 13 and 24 months 3. Durations greater than 24 months Previous history of Chronic Otitis, Trauma of the ear and Alport disease were used as the exclusion criteria. Following parameters of blood biochemistry analysis were also evaluated in patients: Calcium, PHOSPHOURS Urea, Creatinin, Para thormone, Hemoglobulin and Hematocrit. Results: One hundred patients with the mean age of 45.2±17 were enrolled in our study. Sixty percent of patients were male and 40% female. The average time they were under hemodialysis was 23.5±21.2. In all cases hearing loss was sensoryneural. Duration of dialysis had no significant relation with the status of hearing (P=0.64). Severity of hearing loss increased with the increment of age (P=0.000). Sex did not influence the status of hearing (P>0.05). None of the blood analysis parameters had a significant relation with the status of hearing. Discussion: In general it appears that regular hemodialysis in durations that approximate that of our study dose not affect the status of hearing. Besides the known relation of age and hearing status that was demonstrated in this study, the status of hearing had no significant relations with other suspected parameters. Increased mean age of patients undergoing hemodialysis and premature development of presbycusia in these patients can be an explanation for the demonstrated relation of age and hearing status.

Objective: Major Thalassemia is a chronic haemolytic anemia. It is the most common hemoglobinopathy disorder in Khuzestan province. Hypoparathyroidism is one of its endocrinologic complications due to iron deposition especially in second decade of life. Early diagnosis of this complication can prevent other severe disorders such as seizure, osteopenia, osteoporsis. The aim of this study was to study the prevalence of hypoparathyroidism among this group of patients.Subjects and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 96 patients with major Thalassemia aged above 10 years old referring to Shafa Thalassemia centre. The following information were collected: age, sex weight, duration and route of deferral injection, duration of transfusion therapy, vit-D and calcium consumption, social and educational level of parents, history of splenectomy, any history of seizure, tingling, chvostek, trousseau, carpopedal sings, plasma level of calcium, phosphorus, ALK.P, PTH, Bun, Cr, Ferritin, and total protein.Results: The age of the patients ranged from 11 to 39 (mean 19.3 years). The prevalence of hypoparathyroidism was 27.1% (26 out of 96). All these inflected patients had low serum calcium; low PTH, high serum PHOSPHOURS and low to normal ALK P. Tingling, chvostek sings, trousseau, and carpopedal spasm were observed in 46, 38.4, 30.7, and 11.5 % of the patients respectively. Sixty nine % of these only had one clinical sing, while 30.8 % had none. No significant correlation between social and educational level of parents with hypoparathyroidism (p= 0.74). In 58% patients level of serum ferritin was above 4000 ng/ml The average level of serum ferritin in thalassemia patient without hypo-parathyroidism was 2770 ng /ml while in10 patients thalassemic patients with hypoparathyroidism this level was 5020 ng/ml. Seven patients with irregular deferral administration had overt hypoparathyroidism. A significant correlation was observed between irregular deferral consumption with high ferritin level and hypoparathyroidism (p<0.01).Conclusion: The finding of this study suggest that, irrespective of their clinical sings, at 6 monthly or yearly intervals,  the plasma level of PTH, Ca and ALK P of all patients with major thelassemia aged above 15 should be tested.

In a considerable proportion of the worlds' arid and semiarid regions, as with the conditions that prevail in our country, wheat is produced under rainfed cultivation. In such area the plant depends on the natural precipitations as the source of its moisture supply and may suffer water stress and drought at any time. During drought periods, it is mostly the interuption in the absorption of nutrient particularly the less mobile elements such as PHOSPHOURS, iron, zinc and copper that decrease the wheat yields. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the obligate symbiotic organisms that exist in the root systems of more than 80 percent of plant families. These fungi are of great values to the initial establishment and improve plant growth by providing water and nutrients especially under the conditions in which the hosts are stressed by environmental limitations. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a factorial test arranged as a complete randomized design with four fungal treatments namely, Glomus mosseae from Canada, G mosseae and G. etunicatum obtained from Tabriz University and the non-fungal treatment (control). Three soil moisture levels of 22, 14 and 8% (w.v) with two soil types (sterilized and non-sterilized) and six replicates were used in the experiment to asses the mycorrhiza interactive effects on wheat nutrient uptake under drought conditions. The results indicated that the rate of nutrient uptake was significantly increased by increasing soil moisture contents (P<0.01). The fungal treatments on the sterilized soil resulted in a significant increase in the rate of phosphorus and zinc uptake (P<0.01) and increase of dry matter, yield and uptake of copper (P<0.05). Dry matter, yield and absorption of phosphorus and zinc also was increased in the non-sterilized soil (P<0.05), but the increase in the rate of copper absorption was not statistically significant. Similarly, the rates of nitrogen, potassium, iron and manganese uptake did not significantly increase in either the sterilized or non-sterilized soils.