Phosphorus is one of the most important elements required by plants and it has many different roles, including energy production and transfer, increasing rooting, grain production and improving the quantity and quality of agricultural products. Unfortunately, more than 70% of the phosphorus entering the soil through phosphate fertilizers is stabilized and removed from the accessibility of plants. Therefore, phosphorus stabilization has caused the use of more chemical fertilizers and the amount of total phosphorus in the soil has increased and sometimes the entry of elements along with phosphate fertilizer may cause soil pollution. In order to increase the solubility of insoluble PHOSPHATES in the soil or to prevent phosphorus stabilization, environmentally friendly PHOSPHATESolubilizing microorganisms (PSM) such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and algae can be employed. These microorganisms are able to convert insoluble inorganic and organic compounds of phosphorus into soluble compounds by various methods such as production of mineral and organic acids, proton production, and secretion of siderophore, chelation and production of phosphatase enzyme. In mineral soils containing large amounts of calcium, magnesium, iron and aluminum PHOSPHATES, the production of mineral and organic acids and in organic soils the phosphatase enzymes are mostly effective. Genes encoding phosphate solubility have been isolated mainly from Erwiniaherbicola, Esherichia coli and Morgonellamorgani. Some of these genes include ushA, agp, cpdB and napA. Despite the existing problems, fortunately, good progress has been made in the field of genetic engineering of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms so that phosphate-solubilizing genes can be transferred to other bacteria. Due to the fact that soils contain both inorganic and organic compounds, it is recommended to use a microorganism with the ability to dissolve both organic and mineral compounds and a mixture of some microorganisms.

Objective: Some aspects of the anatomical and physiological sexual dimorphism in mammals have been studied. In order to study the placental sexual dimorphism, the enzymatic activity of alkaline PHOSPHATES (ALP) in embryo and its placenta was investigated.Materials and Methods: In the present study a group of 75 adult female white mice (Australian strain) in the same age were used. The animals were divided in to control and experimental groups. All female mice were mated with males of the same strain and age (one male/three female) and were kept in controlled conditions. The experimental group 1 animals were studied in days 10 to 14 and group 2 in days 15 to 19 of pregnancy. From the day 10 to 19 of gestation, every day 6 pregnant mice were sacrificed and two embryos from each part of the uterus were extruded to assay enzymatic activity of ALP in embryo and placenta. From day 15 to 19 sex determination of embryos was established.Results: The results indicated that the rate and developmental pattern of ALP activity in placenta revealed a significant difference in male and female (p≤0.005).Conclusion: These findings agree with the existence of physiological sexual dimorphism in the placenta.

Uses of by product refractories, with quality ulmost look like product with pure material are important. In this project, make different composition with use of phosphate and borate additivies with by product magnesite base, and then do physical experiments and berezil strength. For indicates phase and microstructure use x-rey diffraction (XRD) and scaning electron microscopy (SEM). Conclusions show that composition with 5% Boric acid and 5% borax, are the best composition. Then look like that Boric acid with borax create a amurphos phase that cause to increase strength and physical properties too, already use of pure material is better but refractories mass that get from by product cause to decrease product price and is good for factory. Then all of this properties near project to until prupose for example use in gunning mass.

Sodium monofluorophosphate Na2PO3F (SFP) as a bactercides and a fungicides is used in toothpastes. There are several methods for production of SFP, but in general, the yield is low. In this paper, the reaction of various PHOSPHATES and polyPHOSPHATES with sodium fluoride was researched. The results show that SFP with appropriate purity is prepared by reaction of 1P, 2P, 3P with sodium fluoride. When P2O5 is added, purity is increased. SFP with suitable purity and yield is prepared by reaction of long- chain (n³12) and ring PHOSPHATES with NaF. High temperature and long time is caused to product pyrophosphate because of decomposing of SFP. The results distinguish the most oppropriate yield (» % 100) and purity (over % 95) for preparation of SFP in temperature limitation 600-800°C and heating time<15 minute. The most oppropriate temperature Condition is 600°C for long-chain PHOSPHATES and 660°C for 3M, 4M with NaF and 2P, 3P when P2O5 is added. The analysis was done by standard method of USP reference.

Introduction: Pleural effusion occurs in variety of abnormalities. Its traditional classification as transudates or exudates is useful, differentiation between transudates and exudates is the first diagnostic approach of a patient with pleural effusion.This study evaluates usefulness of pleural alkaline PHOSPHATES (PAP) level for distinguishing between exudative and transudative effusion and also differentiates tuberculous from malignant effusion based on the level of PAP. Material and Methods: We studied 100 patients with pleural effusion who referred to Ghaem Hospital; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences during a period of one year. All patients underwent diagnostic thoracentesis. The level of pleural - fluid glucose, protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase were measured. We considered the threshold level of 20 ID for PAP in differentiating transudates from exudates.Results: Among 100 patients with pleural effusion, 43 patients had exudative (tuberculous), 37 had exudative (malignant), and 20 had transudative effusion due to congestive heart failure (CHF). Mean value of PAP in transudative effusion, exudative tuberculous and malignant effusion were: 15.4 ± 3.5, 51.58 ± 4.47 and 79.13 ± 24.22 respectively. The difference between mean value of PAP in transudative and exudative effusion was statistically significant (p<0.001). Sensitivity, specificity and efficiency of these criteria were: 96.7 %, 86 % and 94% respectively. Conclusion: Detennination of the PAP level is useful and highly effective for distinguishing between transudates and exsudates and should be included in biochemical analysis of pleural effusions. Our study did not show significant difference between mean value of PAP in tuberculous and malignant exsudative effusions.