Nanotechnology has changed our lives dramatically and influenced every sector of the research, engineering and also business community. Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing science of producing and utilizing nano-sized particles, that measure in nanometer. In other words, nanotechnology is the art of characterizing, manipulating and organizing matter systemically, at the nanometer scale, which has created a revolution in science, engineering, technology, drug delivery and therapeutics. The size of typical accessible structures is in the sub-micrometer range, being within the limits of optical resolution and barely visible with a light microscope. This scale is about 1/1000 smaller than structures that could be resolved by the naked eye, but still 1000 times larger than an atom. Recent developments are addressing the size range below these dimensions and because a typical structure size is in the nanometer range, the methods and techniques are defined as nanotechnology.

In recent years stock exchange has become one of the most attractive and growing businesses in respect of investment and profitability. But applying a scientific approach in this field is really troublesome because of variety and complexity of decision making factors in the field. This paper tries to deliver a new solution for portfolio selection based on multi criteria decision making literature and clustering approach. The paper results reveal that four basic indexes (including: leverage indices, efficiency ratio, liquidity ratio, and market value ratio) besides twenty four secondary indexes were effective in portfolio selection.Multi attribute decision making method (MADM) and clustering were used as analytical tools. The cases of this study embrace pharmaceutical companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. For clustering companies, they were divided into two clusters and finally the companies which located in optimum cluster were ranked via SD Heuristics method. This method eliminates considerable amount of cases and by doing so it helps the experts to sort and rank the alternatives more effectively. It's recommended by researchers to apply qualitative methods in addition to quantitative ones.

Introduction: With regard to the long history of traditional medicine in Iran and its various branches such as PHARMACEUTICS and many books and treatises existant from ancient times, this research seeks to find the real position of PHARMACEUTICS art in Safavid period.Methods: The data and methods of this research are based on the study of Iranian scholar’s books and epistles on the PHARMACEUTICS and medicine in the Safavid period and preceding ages. These data were gathered from the mentioned references and analyzed then used for explanation of this issue.Results: The findings of the study show that although PHARMACEUTICS art and Iranian traditional medicine in Safavid period had a good position in comparison to other near eastern countries, this period never saw physicians such as Mohammad ibn Zakarya Razi, Ibn Sina, Ali ibn Rabban Tabari and Sayyed Ismaeil Jorjani and never saw outstanding books such as Al-Havi, Al-Qanun fi al-Tib, Zakhirah Kharazmshahi and so on.Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be said in spite of historical and political problems, Iranians in every age were superior to their foreign contemporaries in pharmacy and the recognition of medical plants. Noting the climatic variety of Iran and the growth of many of medical plants in every region of Iran and especially the availability of the ancient books and treatises on this field, it useful activities for reviving this industry can be performed. This action can lead to efficient helps to reestablishment of Iranian traditional medicine and rescue this time-honored heritage from ignorance and extinction.

Introduction: One of the ways to retrieve the expert information from internet is using search tools. This research was aimed to measure the relevance of documents retrieved from search and meta-search engines in the field of pharmacology. Findings help web users, especially PHARMACEUTICS researches and specialists, to know the search tools cover more PHARMACEUTICS information and use them to access the required information.Methods: In this descriptive research, 6 major search and 6 major meta-search engines, introduced by the website of www.searchenginewatch.com as well-used internet search tools, were chosen. PHARMACEUTICS keywords were chosen from medical subject Headings (Mesh) and then selected terms of pharmacology were searched in each of search engines. The first 10 results of search engines were selected for evaluation of recall and precision. Data were analyzed with Excel.Results: Yahoo retrieved the most PHARMACEUTICS documents and scored the highest rank 34%). Aol had 62% precision and 21% recall and retrieved the most relevant PHARMACEUTICS documents. Dogpile retrieved the most PHARMACEUTICS documents and scored the highest rank (22%), followed by Metacrawler (21%) and Info (19%). Excite had 62% precision and 22% recall and retrieved the most relevant PHARMACEUTICS documents.Conclusion: Search and meta-search engines are suitable tools for amateur or professional users and they have suitable search capabilities and facilities. Although using search engines in retrieving relevant documents is useful, but it is suggested that users follow the search in several search engines to access the relevant documents among the vastly available sources on web.

Hollow fiber membrane contactors have been applied in various industries e.g. chemistry, petroleum, biotechnology and medicine. They are also widely used in artificial organs e.g. artificial lung, kidney and liver as well as some pharmaceutical procedures such as separation and purification of biological materials. Intrinsic properties of hollow fiber membranes, such as high packing density and high mass transfer rate have increased the use of these membranes. In tissue engineering, using such membranes is of great importance for membrane bioreactors and culturing of cells sensitive to stress and those which require high mass transfer rates. This article comprehensively investigates the use of the hollow fiber membrane contactors applied in advanced medical sciences and PHARMACEUTICS. Their composition materials in addition to the important factors affecting their performance characteristics are also discussed.

Background & Objective: In recent years, mucoadhesive drug delivery systems has shown interested for prolonging the residence time of the dosage form and for providing a controlled rate of drug release. Mucoadhesive buccal films can enhance drug bioavailability by absorption through buccal mucosa and bypassing the first pass metabolism for improved therapeutic effect. In addition, buccal films have advantages such as providing a convenient accessibility, painless method of drug delivery, and improved patient compliance. Buccal tablets allow drinking, eating, and speaking without any major discomfort.Materials & Methods: Buccal films of diphenhydramine were prepared by solvent casting technique using Hydroxyl Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) 6000cps, Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (NaCMC), and Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA). Prepared films were evaluated for weight, thickness, swelling index, drug content uniformity, tensile strength, and in vitro release studies.Results: The thickness of the films were between 0.13 and 0.25 mm. Their weight were in range of 0.98 and 1.26. F1 (containing 875mg HPMC and 125mg PVA), F5 (made of HPMC 50 mg and PVA 950mg), and F6 (containing 800mg PVA) showed success in the primary tests. No bubble or shrinkage was observed in them. F1, F5, and F6 released 97.8%, 96.7%, and 97.6% of the drug, respectively during five hours, two hours, and 40 minutes.Conclusion: F6, which contained 800mg PVA, released 97.6% of the drug in 40 minutes. This film has proper pharmaceutic characteristics to be used.

Introduction: Gallery walk educational method is one of the team-based learning (TBL) methods as manages learning in small groups simultaneously teaching in a big class. In addition, Gallery walk method is one of the learner-centered methods (LCM) in which student plays the main role in learning and teacher supports the students as leader and supervisor. This study has been done with the aim of comparing two educational methods of Gallery walk and traditional in teaching PHARMACEUTICS subject in pharmacy students. Method: This quasi-experimental study, two group pretest-posttest design was conducted on 36 pharmacy students in pharmacy school of Guilan university of medical sciences in 2017. Students were assigned into two similar groups and randomly categorized in traditional (control) and Gallery walk (test) group. The influence of each educational method on students averages in post-tests considering the pre-test scores, were compared. Statistical analysis was performed by independent t-test and paired t-test using SPSS. Results: Based on paired t test, there was a significant increase in student’ s average scores in posttest in comparison with pretest (p<0. 001) in both traditional and Gallery walk groups. However, the student’ s average score in Gallery walk group was higher than traditional group, independent t test didn’ t confirm the significant difference between traditional and Gallery walk groups in both pre and posttests (p>0. 05). Conclusion: Although statistical results did not confirm the significant effect of Gallery walk method on enhancing student's average score, this method is suggested to pharmacy school teachers due to more students’ participation in class.

Purpose: BioPHARMACEUTICS classification system (BCS) class IV compounds, exhibits least oral bioavailability, low solubility and intestinal permeability among all pharmaceutical classes of drugs. Thus, these drugs need more compatible and efficient delivery system. Since, their solubility in various medium, remains a limitation so, polymeric nano coacervates based drug loading with modified approach for them may prove to be a solution ahead. Therefore, in present study Chitosan is opted for encapsulating the BCS class IV drug (Hydrochlorothiazide) to attain better stability, enhanced permeability and lower toxicity. Methods: For this study, Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) was opted for formulating chitosan based nano-coacervate system. Results: Optimized HCTZ nanocoacervates exhibited the average particle size of 91. 39 ± 0. 75 nm with Poly-dispersity index score of 0. 159 ± 0. 01, indicating homogeneity of colloidal solution. Zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of HCTZ nanocoacervates were recorded as-18. 9 ± 0. 8 mV and 76. 69 ± 0. 82 % respectively. Further, from TEM and SEM evaluation the average particle size for the same were found in conformity (35-50 nm), with almost spherical morphology. Also, the EDX (Electron Dispersive X-ray) spectrometry and FT – IR analysis of optimized formulation indicated the balanced chemical composition and interaction between the polymeric molecules. The HCTZ nano coacervates showed the linear diffusion profile through the dialysis membrane. Conclusion: We can conclude from the present study that the optimized HCTZ nano coacervates may prove to be a suitable potential option for effective delivery of BCS class IV drugs.

Objectives: the purpose of this study was the evaluation of pharmaceutical properties and quality control of glucosamine preparations available in Iran drug market. Methods: 10 commercial products were selected and evaluated for some Pharmaceutical characteristics such as content uniformity, assay, weight variation and dissolution test. Dِetermination of glucosamine was performed according to a new high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method developed for the first time. The method was based on pre column derivatization of glucosamine by orthophthaldialdehyde (OPA). Results: the results of these tests about 10 commercial products were as follow: assay was between 13.69% and 138.72%, for content uniformity RSD% was between 4.17 and 26.60, weight variation had RSD% between 0.69 and 7.5. Dissolved glucosamine (%) in dissolution test was between 20.03% and 98.71%. Similarity factor test on the results of dissolution test showed that at least 3 commercial products have not been in an acceptable range in comparison with reference product (No.2). Conclusion: according to these results, good controls on the quality of food supplements are required.