Background: Pregnancy is associated with structural and functional changes in the cardiovascular system as well as obesity, high blood triglyceride concentration, and increased risk of metabolic syndrome.Objective: The aim of this study was to compare parity between women with established coronary heart disease and normal women in general population.Materials and Methods: Totally, 105 women referred for coronary artery bypass grafting surgery during a period of more than one year were enrolled. Total fertility rate (TFR) was evaluated in this group of patients and we also compared TFR of these women with that of normal women.Results: Based on the results, 884 pregnancies were occurred in total of 105 patients (mean parity=8.34). There was a significant difference between the TFR of the CABG patients and the TFR of the normal women in 1966 (p value=0.038), the TFR of the normal women in the past 40 years (p value<0.001), the TFR of the normal women in province of Sistan and Baluchistan (p value<0.001).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the number of pregnancy is an independent risk factor associated with coronary artery disease.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the dynamics of adjustment to long-run purchasing power parity (PPP)in a nonlinear framework using the Iranian data over the period 1959-2000. Two PPP measures are considered and nonlinearity in the real exchange rates are investigated. First, the standard and modified unit root tests are applied and then, cointegration analysis is carried out, based on the Johansen (1988) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) cointegration methodology, rather than imposing the strict cointegating vector in calculating real exchange rate measures. Furthermore, the Smooth transition autoregressive (STAR) representation for the adjustment process towards PPP, which provides a superior alternative, are specified and estimated. It was found that purchasing power parity (PPP) holds in the long-run after accounting for structural breaks. Moreover, linearity was strongly rejected and the dynamic STAR models were specified and estimated by using nonlinear least squares. The strong evidence in favour of nonlinear behaviour for PPP suggests that the linear models are misspecified.

In recent years substantial numbers of econometric papers have addressed estimation and inference methods of the Threshold Auto Regression model. Threshold Auto regression model are able to capture asymmetric and nonlinear movement of variables. This paper explains the characteristics of threshold models and some different applications of these models and then, investigates the threshold auto regression models and momentum threshold auto regression models. Finally, presenting some examples of threshold models, we used the threshold co Integration test advanced by Enders and Siklos (2001) to investigate the asymmetric adjustment on long-run (PPP) in Iran between 1339 and 1390. Results prove PPP theory and imply that the adjustment process towards long run PPP is asymmetric.

One of the major challenges and constraints in designing very large integrated circuits is the power dissipation of transistors. Reversible logic is one of the new paradigm in reducing the power consumption of digital circuits in the quantum computing field. In this paper, an improved design of a parallel 5-bit parity preserving reversible signed multiplier circuit is presented. Reversible circuit designs with parity preserving property are an important issue for the implementation of fault tolerant systems in nanotechnology area. To design of the proposed multiplier, the reversible full adder circuit using 5×5 reversible HBF block with low quantum cost, and the 4×4 reversible HBL gate, with parity preserving property are proposed. The structure of the multiplier circuit consists of two parts of the partial product generation (PPG) and multi-operand addition (MOA). This structure is based on Baugh-Wooley and Wallace-Tree algorithms, which results in improved speed of operation in a 5-bit multiplier for signed digits. The proposed circuits are optimized based on important evaluation issues such as quantum cost, garbage outputs and constant inputs, and also are compared with the existing circuits. The main goal is to reduce the quantum cost, the number of constant inputs and garbage outputs in the design of the proposed multiplier circuit. The results of the final evaluation and comparison shows that the proposed multiplier in this study is improved by 26% in quantum cost, 9% in garbage outputs and 9% in constant inputs relative to the best existing designs.

Reversible logic is a new technology that is considered as an essential requirement for the design of quantum computers. In the calculation unit of computers, multiplication is one of the most frequently used operations. In this paper, we propose new optimized algorithms to design a parity-preserving reversible Vedic multiplier. Three approaches for designing optimized reversible Vedic multiplier circuits are proposed which are better than the existing circuits in terms of quantum cost, number of garbage outputs, number of constant inputs, and other criteria. The proposed reversible Vedic multipliers can be generalized to produce parity-preserving n*n reversible multiplier. We have also achieved some relations which can calculate the quantum cost, the number of constant inputs, and the number of required garbage outputs for the proposed Vedic circuit of any dimension. We have shown that our proposed reversible Vedic multiplier in n*n scale is the best compared to the existing Vedic multipliers.

Introduction- Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the second cause of mortality in women over the age of 40. The risk factors for CAD in females include: age over 55, BP>140/90, smoking and hyperlipidemia. As we know, the plasma lipoprotein level changes significantly during pregnancy, and low density lipoprotein reaches its peak approximately in the 36th week of pregnancy. Hypercholesterolemia induced by pregnancy may be atherogenic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate any relation between multiparity and CAD.Methods- In this case-control study, 230 women over 50 years old were studied. Of this total, 115 were considered as the case group, who were selected from among patients with CAD admitted to the cardiac ward. Another 115 patients without CAD who were admitted to the internal and surgery wards with normal cardiovascular consultation were selected as the control group. Patients with known risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, active and passive smokers, type A personality and any record of hormone replacement therapy were excuded. The data were analyzed using the commericially available software package SPSS, version 11. Student’s t-test and c2 were used for analysis, and results were expressed as mean ± SD. p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results- The mean age of the subjects at first parity in the case and control groups was 16.09±2 and 16.3±2 years, respectively (p=NS). The mean number of parities in the case group was 7.5±3.1, and 5.9±1.9 in the control group (p<0.001). Body mass index (MI) was 23.6 and 24.8, respectively; and mean cholesterol level, LDL and HDL in the case and control groups were within normal limits, with no patients being overweight. The average cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels for the case and control groups were 164.2 vs. 164.1, 102.6 vs. 105.4 and 34.5 vs. 40.5, respectively.Conclusion- Exposure to repeated periods of hyperlipidemia induced by pregnancy may be responsible for an increased risk of CAD, especially in women with parity above four. The patient’s age at first pregnancy was not observed to be a risk factor for CAD.

The Purchasing Power Parity theorizes a long-run relationship between prices and exchange rate in an open economy. The validity of this theory is dependent on the selected time period and the data frequency. This paper examines PPP hypothesis in the oil-exporting countries by using annual data (1965-2003). The thesis employs panel unit root technique to test whether the real exchange rates in the panel are mean reverting or not. The evidence shows that the, null hypothesis of a unit root is rejected for the group of oil-exporting countries that have reliable data and relatively open economy. Indeed, Purchasing Power Parity is confirmed for the selected countries excluding Libya and Iran suffering official multiple exchange rates with associated exchange restrictions and import controls during sample period.

One of the basic challenges in high-density integrated circuits is loss of power consumption, which is caused by presence of transistors in circuits and causes the temperature of the circuit to increase. The design of digital circuits in a reversible way can be used as one of efficient approaches to solve this challenge. In addition, the design of parity-preserving reversible circuits can be very effective in detecting faults in circuits. Dividers are used as one of the most widely used circuits in digital computing systems. Divider circuits include an adder, a multiplexer and two sequential register and parallel-in to parallel-out left shift register circuits. This paper is presented a new and efficient design of a parity-preserving reversible non-restoring divider. For this purpose, first, a parity-preserving reversible D-latch is proposed. second, a parity-preserving reversible n-bit register is presented using the proposed reversible D-latch. Third, a parity-preserving reversible (n+1) bit shift register using the proposed reversible D-latch and other reversible gates is proposed. Finally, a parity-preserving reversible n bit divider is developed based on the non-restoring algorithm. The results of comparisons show that the proposed circuit is superior in terms of evaluation criteria of reversible circuits such as quantum cost, number of constant inputs and number of garbage outputs compared to previous works.