Introduction: The difference between an epidemic and a pandemic is not the severity of the disease, but the degree of its spread. PANDEMICS, unlike epidemics, cut across international borders. In this article, the moral challenges of societies during the occurrence of pandemic diseases (such as Covid-19, Sars, etc. ) have been investigated. Material and Methods: Conceptual analysis method is used in this article. Related keywords were used in the search of materials and 44 articles were collected from Sciencedirect, Pubmed, Proquest and Elsevier databases and their examples were used according to the purpose. Conclusion: In this study, ethical challenges are divided into three categories: challenges related to sharing facilities, challenges related to providing or not providing medical services, and the challenge of how to react when faced with a controversial and possibly unethical situation. Then these challenges were examined from the perspective of ethical theories. The result of the analysis indicated that the philosophies of utilitarianism, virtuism, and truth-orientedness are not suitable for reasoning, justifying, and acting in difficult situations during PANDEMICS. The philosophy of Justicialism, deontologism, and truth-orientedness are better, and with the help of a combination of the three mentioned theories, a model can be presented for three types of difficult situations in pandemic diseases.

Background: This study aimed to analyze the demographic and epidemiological features of identified COVID-19 cases in Kazakhstan. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze COVID-19 cases (n=5116) collected from March 13 to June 6, 2020, in Kazakhstan. The data were obtained from a state official medical electronic database. The study investigated the geographic and demographic data of patients as well as the association of COVID-19 cases with gender and age. The prevalence of symptoms, the presence of comorbidities, complications, and COVID-19 mortality were determined for all patients. Results: The mean ± SD age of the patients in this study was 34. 8 ± 17. 6 years, and the majority (55. 7%) of COVID-19 cases were male and residents of cities (79. 6%). In total, 80% of the cases had the asymptomatic/mild form of the disease. Cough (20. 8 %) and sore throat (17. 1%) were the most common symptoms among patients, and pneumonia was diagnosed in 1 out of 5 cases. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was recorded in 1. 2% of the patients. The fatality rate was 1% in the study population and lethality was 2. 6 times higher in males compared to females. Each additional year in age increased the probability of COVID-19 infection by 1. 06 times. The presence of cardiovascular, diabetes, respiratory, and kidney diseases affected the rate of mortality (P<0. 05). Conclusions: The results demonstrated a high proportion (40%) of the asymptomatic type of coronavirus infection in the Kazakhstan population. The severity of COVID-19 symptoms and lethality were directly related to the age of patients and the presence of comorbidities.