2Introduction: Chronic back PAIN is one of the most common types of musculoskeletal PAIN in the elderly. The self-management based of the 5A training program for problem control has positive consequences for the elderly. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the self-management-based of 5A program on the non-specific chronic low back PAIN of elderly patients. Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 66 elderly patients with non-specific chronic low back PAIN refereed in the specialized and super-specialized clinics of Abadan University of Medical Sciences, 2022. The block randomization method assigned the patients to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group was trained in self-management programs based 5A model for 6 weeks and followed up for 8 weeks.  The scale was measured in two groups before intervention,4 weeks, and 8 weeks after intervention.  Data analysis using SPSS 22 software. Results: There was no significant difference in the average PAIN between the experimental and control groups before the intervention, while there was a significant difference between the two groups (P <0.001). In addition, the results showed that there was a significant difference in mean PAIN score between the two groups after four and eight weeks (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The implementation of the self-management program based on the 5A model in the elderly with non-specific chronic back PAIN is effective and can reduce the PAIN intensity, so nurses can use this self-management method as a supportive and non-pharmacological method in the control of non-specific chronic low back PAIN.

Background and Aim: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a chronic burning PAIN, usually in the absence of clinical and laboratory findings. The prevalence of this disorder in the general population is estimated to be 1% to 15%. It particularly affects the middle-aged persons, and women are involved 7 times more frequency than men especially after menopause. BMS patients complain from moderate to severe burning sensation that can effect on their life quality. There has been no clear consensus on its etiology. Most often patients with inexplicable oral complaints are referred from one health care professional to another without effective management. This approach cause significant emotional impact on patients. Although information about treatment modality of BMS remains limited, the present article provides update information about BMS, including possible etiological factors, Pathophysiology and current treatment choices. Review Articles: Literature was searched Medline, Elseveier, Embase, and Cochrane Library from 1986 to 2008. Any articles in English (clinical trials, cross sectional, longitudinal and epidemiological studies) were included. Meanwhile, theses for the degree of DDS in Shahid Beheshti and Azad dental faculties about BMS and textbooks were reviewed thoroughly. Results: Although BMS is of unknown etiology but various local, psychological and systemic factors can trigger or exacerbate this disorder. Systemic or local drugs may be mandatory to treat BMS. It is important to resolve any risk factor or cognitive-behavior therapy in management of BMS. Conclusion: Appropriate diagnosis is necessary for management of BMS and several treatment protocols should be used simultaneously to improve PAIN and burning.

Introduction: Cesarean section is considered essential for protecting both the mother’s and fetus’s health. Nevertheless, in spite of being one of the safest surgical methods, cesarean section is more dangerous for mothers than vaginal delivery. According to WHO’s report, almost 15% of the deliveries can correctly lead to cesarean. However, statistics during the previous decade show a noticeable increase in the rate of cesarean. In many cases, cesarean is not a medical necessity. According to a number of studies, pregnant women prefer not to tolerate the PAIN that, in turn, leads to the main cause of increasing tendencies to voluntary cesarean. Having knowledge about PAIN reducing methods can, therefore, decrease such tendencies.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 390 pregnant women referring to the public health centers of Mashhad. They filled out a questionnaire about personal and obstetric information, the kind of delivery they preferred (vaginal or cesarean), and their knowledge about PAIN relief methods of delivery.Results: The findings show that the study groups, i.e. those participants who favored cesarean and those who preferred vaginal delivery, showed no significant difference in age, education, and job. The main causes of tendency to vaginal delivery were found to be the fear of anesthesia and surgery as well as willingness to see the newborn immediately after giving birth. The fear of vaginal delivery PAIN and the physician’s diagnosis were the main causes of voluntary cesarean. 80.80% of the participants were not aware of the PAIN reducing methods of baby delivery.Conclusion: As suggested by the findings, the main reason for having cesarean is the fear of vaginal delivery. However, the findings also suggest that the patients are not sufficiently aware of PAIN relief methods due to the lack of access to the adequate information being provided by the delivery centers. It seems that raising women’s knowledge about delivery PAIN reducing methods and their benefits can decrease their tendencies to voluntary cesarean.

Todays, non-pharmacological treatments such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has provided more attention because these procedures have no side effects. . . .

Background: Physical disability and depression in patients with chronic PAIN have been shown to be associated with PAIN intensity and PAIN self-efficacy beliefs. However, little is known about whether PAIN self-efficacy beliefs can predict depression and physical disability when this relationship is controlled for PAIN intensity and other related demographic variables The aim of the current study was to replicate and extend previous research on the relationship between PAINrelated beliefs, depression, and disability by examining these relationships in a heterogeneous sample of Iranian patients with chronic PAIN.Methods: A group of 430 patients with chronic PAIN participated in the study and completed questionnaires on demographic variables, PAIN intensity, PAIN self-efficacy beliefs, physical isability, and depression.Results: Correlation analyses revealed that patients with higher education were less depressed and less physically disabled. Younger patients were more physically disabled. PAIN intensity and PAIN self-efficacy beliefs were significantly related to physical disability and depression. In hierarchical multiple regression analyses, after controlling for patients’ background variables and PAIN intensity, PAIN self-efficacy beliefs accounted for significant variance in depression and physical disability over and above the effect of demographic variables and PAIN intensity. Patients with higher PAIN self-efficacy, compared to those with lower self-efficacy, were less depressed and less physically disabled.Conclusion: PAIN self-efficacy was more strongly related to depression and physical disability than PAIN intensity and demographic variables. The findings of the present study suggest the importance of targeting PAIN self-efficacy beliefs for modification in treatment of patients with chronic PAIN.