Introduction: Occupation includes daily tasks and purposeful activities in which we are involved because of peculiar personal meanings and values they have to each of us. These activities can be influenced by cultural backgrounds, certain interests or those aspects of life considered to be meaningful by an individual. The concept of occupation is central to occupational therapy since it has been developed on the basis of the idea that occupation can be used as a therapeutic method. In addition to the fact that occupation has a complex structure, it includes many complex concepts. Due to various definitions attributed to the term, it seems occupational therapists need a comprehensive definition of occupation that can be used to specify their role in rehabilitation teams and to define occupational therapy services.Materials and Methods: A phenomenological method was adopted in this study because its main goal was to achieve a comprehensive definition of occupation. In the first stage, all definitions were gathered and then an integrated definition was developed that encompassed all aspects. That definition was summarized by of a group of expert occupational therapists and then data gathered through Delphi method. A detailed explanation of all these steps will be presented in this article.Results: Occupation contains widespread concepts. According to participant's comments, purposefulness and meaningfulness are two main concepts in definition of occupation. We should concern the act of doing or occupational performance and also the context of doing in occupation definition.Conclusion: According to the established definition of the term in this study, occupation has such features as purposefulness and meaningfulness. Occupation results from collaboration between developmental structure and occupational form and can be described as a physical or mental performance evident in areas such as activities of daily living, sleep and rest, education, play and leisure, social participation, or combination of these areas. Compared to other definitions, this definition is more comprehensive and objective and includes all main concepts. So, occupational therapists can use this definition for describing occupational therapy services and specifying their role in team work and determining their position relative to other members of rehabilitation team.

Training specialized human resource, their employment and using their proficiency, are the main concern of higher educational system. But sometimes there is not balance between the number of alumnus and their suitable job or alumnus aren’ t trained as it should be. so, it’ s universities’ duty to follow up and explore their educational adequacy and quality. This article assessed the situation of alumnus of Linguistics educational group of Ferdowsi university of Mashhad during a decade (2007-2017). For the first step, employed alumnus was detected, then for telephone interview, 30 persons were selected among them by accident. In addition, a researcher made questionnaire was used to survey the professors of Linguistics department of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Based on the results 83 percent of alumnus had job. This result put Linguistics educational group in a good situation among other fields of study. Most of the people had chosen their major consciously. There wasn’ t a meaningful difference between sex of participants and the amount of employment. Relation between job and field of study was 80 percent, but relation between subjects of theses and employment was 33 and just 53 percent of participants declared that their jobs are in accordance with the content of their subjects. Results of professors’ questionnaire showed that they are not pleasant with the current situation and believe that it is necessary to have some changes in taking students. Organizing students’ theses in more practical issues, is so essential too.

Introduction: Pregnant employees demand special attention from their employers and themselves. In this study, the focus is on the interaction between pregnancy and occupation.Methods: This study was a review article. Authentic articles, sites and books on occupational medicine, fitness for work and obstetrics were used. This study consisted of different parts including: definition of terms, the importance of issue of pregnancy in employees, pregnancy changes that affect fitness to work, some special considerations, prescription of occupational specialist during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and postnatal issues.Results: The workplace hazards to the pregnant employees were factors that were harmful to the health or safety of the mother and/or fetus. These hazards included: physical, chemical, biologic, psychologic and ergonomic-hazard. Pregnancy made changes in fitness of pregnant employees. After delivery attention to the mothers was required, too.Conclusion: After identifying the risks at each workplace, appropriate methods of control could be used. Control of these routine hazards, and vaccinations, were the duties of the occupational physician for pregnant employees.

The complex and vague relationship between the type of occupation and election participation has received little attention in Iran. This article attempted to investigate the relationship between the two variables in the Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Presidential Elections using the comparative research method. The research findings showed that the election periods, as independent variables, have significant impacts on election participation, so we cannot create an index for all of the election periods. In the Tenth and Eleventh election periods, the rates of election participation among businesses were lower than the private sector. Furthermore, the participation rate is low among the following occupation: service personnel and sellers, technicians and assistants, specialists, and workers.

The belief that there is no place for a woman in the police force used to be quite common for many years. Women were viewed as the weaker sex and many believed their characteristics could definitely not fit the description of a brave police officer. Today, however, the Slovenian police force employs 613 female police officers. The research attempted to find out whether the women have been accepted in their working environment and whether they have been given equal opportunities for performing their occupation compared to male colleagues. Part one of the paper contains a historical outline of employing female officers in the police force, the education process and challenges they have to face as well as ways of dealing with gender-related issues. Part two presents the outcomes of a research based on interviews with policewomen. The analysis of their responses attempted to define whether they are satisfied in their working environment.

Throughout the history, wars have many wanted and unwanted consequences which have great impact on the present and future situation of conflict society and its surrounding areas. Among them displacement, Immigration and mass Refugee, deploy and prevalence of Violence culture and extremism, culture and civilization monument destruction, serious threat to the family, social solidarity and degradation of collective identity reduction, by increasing divisions ethnic and religious divisions and also cultural and social disorders and constructed false identities and so on can be mentioned. Raiding on Iraq and occupying this country was no exception. It has had many cultural and social consequences which has subjected Iraq under too many social and cultural damages and Disruptions. All of them were resulted from violence, insecurity and instability caused by the war and the occupation of the country, while news about the cultural consequences of the occupation, often have been focused on Ancient relics destruction and looting of the country and less has been said about another dimensions of occupation.This paper after discussing cultural consequences regarding to the issue of identity and positive impact on Iraqi culture in new law of the country, attempts to present a proper assessment of the cultural consequences of the occupation of the country. At last the question of the research, what have been the cultural consequences of the occupation, would be answered.