Disease incidence and favorable condition on disease severity is evaluated. W. carpophilus isolated of infected orchards. For fungus overwintering method in buildup were carried out bud washing by centrifuge and spot culturing on nutrient mediums. Evaluation of shot hole in different areas showed that cultivars response to this disease is fixed inside of a climate but it is differ in different areas to each other. Fungus germination optimum was indicated 95% at 15oC and its minimum 0.5% at 1oC in experimental conditions. Fungus overwintering were confirmed as hyphae and conidia inside of bud and as hyphae in twig spots. The result of study indicating climatic effective role that is dominant in area in disease incidence and severity.

During the spring 2004, some specimens of a tachinid fly were collected from pupal cocoons of weedy spurge leaf defoliator moth, Simyra dentinosa F. (Lep.: Noctuidae). The specimens were identified by the last author as Nilea anatolica Mesnil, 1954 (Dip.: Tachinidae). The body length and alar expanse in males vary from 7.0-7.5 mm and 14.5-15.5 mm, respectively. In females, body length and alar expanse vary from 9.0-9.2 mm and 16.5- 17.5 mm, respectively. Apex of hind tibia with posterodorsal preapical seta and scutellum is light brown in color. This fly parasitizes the final larval stage of the defoliator moth and its larval development is synchronous with the initiate of prepupal stage of the moth. After complement of the larval stage, larvae leave the host and pupate inside the cocoon of moth and overwinter as pupa inside the host cocoon.

The life cycle of Pileolaria terebinthi the causal agent of Beneh (Pistada mutica) rust was investigated under Fars natural conditions and greenhouse. In both conditions the basidiospores caused infection on Pistacia species and formed all developmental stages including spormogonium, uredinoid aecium, uredium and telium. Teliospores on leaves on forest floor considered to be the main survival propagules under natural conditions. Uredinospores and dikaryotic hyphae in infected branches could not overwinter. Overwintered teliospores germinated and released basidiospores in late winter or early spring. The first disease symptom was observed in late March forming numerous spormogonia on deformed leavers and petiols followed by the formation of uredinoid aecium and uredium. Telium was found in late season. In Fars condition, secondary infection by urediospores occurred infrequently, and most infection were due to basidiospores in early spring. All Pistada species and commercial P. vera cultivars were susceptible to the pathogen.

Elm aphids damage elm trees through feeding and producing considerable amounts of honeydew especially on trees of recreational areas. Biological characteristics and seasonal fluctuations of the aphid were studied in two sites by weekly sampling from infested trees during 2002-2003. To determine important life table parameters of the aphid, Tinocallis nevskyi Remaudiere, Quednau and Heie, in natural conditions leaf cages were used. The results indicated that the aphid overwinter as egg on the branches of trees. First nymphs and alatae were observed in early and late April, respectively. The population of viviparae was increased rapidly in late April and May and went down in summer. Wingless oviparae and alate males appeared in mid fall. Oviposition occurred in early November to early December. Intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite capacity for increase ( l), net reproductive rate (R0) and mean generation time of the aphid were 0.15±0.02 day-1, 1.17±0.04 day-1, 14.89±1.54 nymphs and 17.54±0.30 days, respectively.

Eurygaster integriceps is the key pest of wheat that overwinter as adults. The stored bioenergetic levels are important in their survival during the winter. In this research, the effects of sublethal concentrations (≤ LC30) of spirodiclofen (Envidor® ) (240 SC), as an inhibitor of lipids biosynthesis, were studied on bioenergetic resources in adults of new generation under field conditions. The experiments were designed as factorial with three factor; spirodiclofen concentration (0, 100, 300 and 500 μ l/l), sex (male and female) and sampling time (3, 6 and 12 days after treatment) and were replicated four times. The lipid, carbohydrate and protein levels were determined (mg/g; w/w). Results revealed that spirodiclofen affected significantly on bioenergetic resources. The lipid levels were increased with respect to control but carbohydrates and protein declined. Also the caloric contents were increased in 100, 300 and 500 μ l/l levels respectively 1. 37, 1. 42 and 1. 74 times. So that the sublethal concentrations of Envidor® increased the coloric contents and specialy the total lipids in sunn pest.

Biology of amaranth stem-boring weevil, Hypolixus pica (Fabricius) on red root pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. was investigated under natural conditions in a citrus orchard in Dezful. Each red root pigweed was covered by a wooden cage of 50×50×100cm dimentions screened by muslin. Three to four adult females and males were introduced into each cage. After 3-4 days past the weevils were removed and the biology of the insect in its immature stages investigated. The insect bore three generations. Under natural conditions the duration of egg and pupa of the second generation were 3 and 8.86±0.84 days and the duration of egg and pupa of the third generation 3.55±0.49 and 10.33±0.47 days, respectively. The developmental time of the second and third generations lasted 44.68±4.01 and 50.88±4.67 days, respectively. The weevil was found to overwinter as either its last larval instar (fourth) or as adults. Females laid eggs in stems covering them by a black secretion. The larvae moved downwards, tunneling the stem. The adult stage made a hole above the gall and left the stem. The adult stage insect damaged the leaves and the seeds of A. retroflexus as well.

Colorado potato beetle is the most important and dangerous pest of potato plant. Because, adults and larvae feed on stem, leaf and flower of potato a lot. Determination of biology of this pest in per region is necessary for selection of different control methods and their use time in integrated pest management. In order to, biology of this pest is studied in natural condition and 27±4 C temperature on surrounded potato vases. This insect overwinter as adult in soil. Adult insects after emerging mated and laid eggs in groups of 4- 76 in lower level of potato leaves. The eggs were hatched after four until five days. First instars larvae feed on potato leaves in communal, then feed median and margin of leaf. Upper instars larvae feed more, relation to lower instars larvae.Adult insects feed more relation to larval different instars. The medium larval period per instar took 2.1±0.308, 2.35±0.4, 3.15±0.366 and 6.95±0.826 days respectively. The medium total of larval period took 14.55±1.146 days.This pest feed on potato leafs more, in per larval instars relation to before larval instars.Complete larvae ceased feeding and pupate in 3 centimeter depth of soil. Pupa period took 6-8 days. Colorado potato beetle has two generation in per year.

In the spring of 2023, a severe damage of eriophyid mites was observed on the privet shrubs in Rasht city, Iran. The damage symptoms include deformity of terminal buds, browning of leaves, rusting of leaves surface, severe leaf twisting, spooning of leaves, and reducing of plant growth. So far, two species of eriophyid mites associated with privet shrubs, namely Aculus ligustri (Keifer) and Aceria ligustri (Keifer) have been reported from Guilan province, Northern Iran. In the recent survey, it was found that both species are present together on the hedge privet and cause similar damage. These eriophyid mites damage to two abundant species of privet in Guilan province, including common or hedge privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium) and local privet or Mandarche (Ligustrum vulgare). These mites overwinter in the form of deutogyne female inside the buds of privet and lay eggs in the buds at the end of winter, then spring form of mites or protogynes are transferred to the leaves. The activity of the mite on privet starts from early spring and continues until summer. In order to control mites damage, it needs to apply the necessary control measures in early spring at the same time that mites move from buds to leaves, otherwise, the severe mite damage occurs in form of deformity and plant growth decrease, especially in privet hedge shrubs.