Background: To determine the cause of monocular and binocular blindness and low vision in an OPD-ophthalmology clinic setting.Materials and Methods: In a prospective OPD-based cross-sectional study, 420 subjects were examined in general ophthalmology clinic in Kashan from June 2003-2004. All patients underwent dilated pupil examination by an ophthalmologist. Low vision and blindness defined as best corrected visual acuity< 20/70 (<3/1 0) or < 20/200 respectively.Results: Of 420 patients enrolled in this study186 (44.3%) were males. Three hundreds and two of cases were blind and 18 had low vision. Common causes of low vision and blindness in order of frequency were: cataract 39.8%, diabetic retinopathy 10.9%, myopic fundus 9.5%, amblyopia 9.3% and ARMD 7.9% The most common anatomic site of decreased vision were lens, retina, optic nerve and visual pathway Conclusion: Cataract, retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy and myopic degeneration are the leading cause of low vision and blindness. Trauma is a significant cause of sever, unilateral vision loss, especially in the young and in newly presenting subjects. Diabetes was the leading cause of blindness among the working age group population.

Organophosphorus compounds are widely used, and their presence in different components of the ecosystem has led to harmful effects on the environment. The use of microorganisms in detoxification of xenobiotic compounds and measurement of pesticide residues is considered as an environmental-friendly and appropriate method. Organophosphorus hydrolase (OPD), is a phosphotriester hydrolase enzyme which is discovered in some soil microorganisms such as Flavobacterium sp. and has a wide range of substrates and is able to hydrolyze many organophosphorus compounds. In the present study, codon optimization was done to express the protein in Escherichia coli. Following omission of the signal peptide sequence and substitution of serine by methionine as the start codon, this fragment was cloned under the control of lac promoter in a promoter-probe vector (pTH1705) as a transcriptional fusion and was used for transformation in two Escherichia coli strains DH5α and XL1-blue. To measure the performance of the transgenic bacteria expressing OPD gene (as in trans), they were cultured in M9 mineral medium containing 10 and 50 mg/L diazinon and appropriate available carbon and nitrogen sources. Studying the growth curve of V103 strain revealed that bacterial growth in the presence of 50 mg/L diazinon had been affected while this effect in the presence of 10 mg/L diazinon was minor. Results obtained from high-performance liquid chromatography as a standard method to compare with the performance of obtained transgenic strain showed that after 24 hours, diazinon concentration (initially 10mg/L ) in the bacterial culture medium of V100, V101, V102 and V103 strains reached to 6. 38, 7. 19, 7. 09 and 5. 74, respectively. These results reflected the successful transfer and expression of target gene in the bacterium and this genetically engineered bacterium was able to degrade organophosphorus compounds directly.

Purpose: To determine topographic and aberrometric changes after accelerated cross-linking (ACXL; 18 mW/cm2 for 5 min) as measured with OPD Scan III (Nidek Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and their repeatability in patients with mild and moderate keratoconus (KCN). Methods: In this prospective study, 25 eyes with mild KCN [Ksteep ¼ 47. 24 ± 3. 11 diopter (D)] and 20 moderate cases (Ksteep ¼ 52. 86 ± 4. 39 D) were examined under mesopic conditions (20 lux) twice, 30e45 min apart, at baseline and 6 and 12 months afterwards. Extracted indices were Ksteep, Kflat, ocular and corneal irregularity, ocular and corneal total higher order aberrations (HOAs), coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration (SA). Repeatability index (RI) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were determined. Results: In mild cases, Ksteep and corneal irregularity had lower RI, but Kflat and ocular irregularity had higher RI (all P > 0. 050) at 1 year. The RI for ocular total HOAs, coma, and SA decreased and showed no significant change for trefoil (all P > 0. 050). Moderate cases showed nonsignificant increases in RI for Ksteep, Kflat, ocular and corneal irregularity (all P > 0. 050), and all aberrometry indices, and significant increases in RI for ocular coma (P ¼ 0. 046) and corneal trefoil (P ¼ 0. 037). At 1 year, ICC was >0. 75 for all indices except ocular and corneal trefoil (ICC ¼ 0. 613 and 0. 390) in moderate cases. Conclusions: At one year after ACXL, OPD Scan III showed acceptable repeatability in mild cases. In moderate cases, topographic indices had acceptable repeatability but poorer compared to the mild group. Overall, ocular HOAs showed better repeatability than corneal ones. These changes should be considered in the interpretation of measurements.

Introduction & Objective: The prevalence of urolithiasis, due to different epidemiologic factors such as hypercalcuria and hyperuricosuria, was reported to be 3% to 4%. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of hypercalauria and hyperuricosuri in patients with urolithiasis and to recommend a suitable diet and treatment to reduce stone formation. Materials &Methods: This is a descriptive, cross - sectional study performed on 120 patients who referred to the urologist at Shahid Mofatteh Clinic and Shahid Beheshti Hospital. The data were collected from selected patients using a questionnaire and also lab data such as 24 hr urine calcium and uric acid and urine culture. Then they were analyzed by spss software. Results: Prevalence of hypercalcuria and hyperuricosuria in patients was found to be 20.8% and 10.8%, respectively. The synchronized prevalence of these abnormalities was 4.2%. Also 25% of hypercalciuric and 15.4% of hyperuricosuric patients have urinary tract infection. The most common age of patients with hypercalciuria and hypreuricosuria was in the range of 20-30 years. Discussion: Prevalence of hypercalciuria in the subjects was significantly lower than that in patients of other studies (p<.05) but making any decisive conclusion calls for further studies especially for other metabolic abnormalities that are common in urolithiasis patients.

This research was a cross sectional study Which assessed and compared clients in per and Post-tubal Ligation in OPD of Hamadan Medical University. The subjects were 360 females. The required date and Information Were gathered Through a questionnaire which comprised 90 questions of Standardized SCL - 90 test. The Sampling had an easy method. The questionnaire was filled out before TL operation and months after. After date were analysed the outcomes Showed that mental probems of pre - TL was higher than post - TL and also mental problems of patients who were before TL were Lower. The patients who consulted. The psychologist before TL had fewer psychological problems.