The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial and physicochemical parameters of Neur Lake water. Five stations (studied stations according to geographical location, water elevation, flows to the lake) were selected. Sampling was done twice in year, once in spring and summer and Autumn 1395. The microbial tests were performed including counting the total number of bacteria, total coliform and fecal coliform, streptococcus and sulfite Reducing Bacteria. The highest density of heterotrophic bacteria was in summer and at station 1 (50, 000 cfu / ml). The highest levels of fecal coliforms were at station 1 and 3 (110 cfu / ml) in autumn. The highest incidence of streptococcus was at station 3 (110 cfu / ml) in summer. The highest frequency of sulfite reduction bacteria was at station 1 in the spring at PO4mg / l, NH4mg / l and NO3mg / l in all seasons in the EPA standard. The COD, BOD and pH in some seasons were higher than the standard EPA standard The amount of heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform and streptococus in some seasons and stations was higher than the standard, due to the increase of environment and water temperature, Passing livestock in the region, and some tourist and agricultural activities in the warm seasons. Wind and water turbulence and sediment increase in the autumn were the causes of microbial contamination in Neur Lake. The lake is not desirable for fish species, especially cold water, due to the high parameters of physical and chemical properties of water.

A biological study was conducted to find out about reproduction and feeding of G. lacustris in Neur Lake from northwest mountains of Iran. Plankton diversity, hydro-chemical factors and substrate characteristic were recorded monthly. Findings showed that reproduction period of this species was short and limited to May and the mean brood size was 10.2±5.3 eggs per female. The hydro-chemical analysis showed the eutrophic characteristic of Neur Lake in which the average of total organic matter was 3.7±3.0 percent. The phyla representative Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta were observed throughout the study and Chlorophyta was the dominant group. Three zooplankton phyla Rotatoria, Ciliophora and Copepoda were abundant respectively. Study on diet using gut content resulted in identification of 15 plankton genera with some resemblance to planktons of the lake.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between rangeland net primary production (NPP) of various plant life forms, and total NPP with altitude, slope, aspect and topographic index in Hir and Neur rangelands in Ardabil province. The sampling of NPP was conducted in three range sites in different altitude using the harvesting method at one square meter plots (totally 330 plots). The relationships between topographic factors and the rangeland NPP were analyzed using multiple regression technique. Using derived regression equations, the maps of NPP were produced in GIS. The results showed a significant relationship (p< 0. 01) between the NPP with topographic factors. The NPP of grasses and forbs had direct relationships with elevation; however, the shrubs and total NPP decreased in middle elevation ranges (1850-2100 m) and increased in the higher elevation ranges (2100-2600 m). The NPP of grasses and forbs had a direct relationship with slope; however, the NPP of shrubs decreased with the increases of slope and had no effect on total NPP. Grasses, forbs and total NPP were higher in the west aspects and shrubs production was higher in the northwest aspect. According to the various classes of the topographic index (CTI), the maximum NPP of shrubs was observed in the middle elevation ranges and the highest NPP of forbs on the lowest amount of CTI. The modeled NPP maps had acceptable limits accuracy. Results of this study can be used as a baseline informations for future and carbon sequestration studies.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and environmental factors (such as elevation above sea level, slope, aspect, compound topographic index, seasonal and annual precipitation, seasonal and annual temperature) which was carried out in the rangelands of Hir and Neur in Ardebil province. Initially, considering the vegetation types and different classes of environmental factors, at the maximum vegetative growth stage, using one square meter plot with clipping and weighing (harvesting) method ANPP was estimated. Using digital elevation model (DEM) map, the maps of slope, aspect, elevation classes and topographic index were extracted. In addition, using gradient equations (calculated from the study areas stations) the seasonal and annual precipitation and temperature maps were extracted. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the factors between different sites. Then, to determine the most important environmental factors affecting on the ANPP changes, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used. Also, the ANPP map prepared using regression equation in GIS. The results showed that the variables are significantly different in sampling sites (P<0. 01). The results of PCA indicated that the components of one (include annual precipitation, annual temperature, elevation) and two (include slope) with 76. 10% had the most effect on ANPP. Also, ANPP map prepared using the extracted regression equation and the accuracy of the map was 0. 71, which indicates the validity of the model.

The effect of aphid species and its host plant on feeding rate and longevity of green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) was studied. The Sitobion avenae and Aphis nerri were selected as the hosts of green lacewing. In this study, we used A. nerri, S. avenae fed on wheat as main host and S. avenae fed on oleander as compulsory host to study feeding rate and longevity of Ch. carnea The experiments were conducted in laboratory conditions (25± 2oC 70±5 % RH and photoperiod of 16L: 8D). Based on the data obtained, Significant effects of aphid species and their the host plants on feeding rate and longevity of green lacewing were observed. The average feeding rate of 2nd instar larvae of Ch. carnea on wheat aphid fed on wheat, oleander aphid and wheat aphid fed on oleander were 40.3±0.98, 19.5±0.50 and 30.6±1.1 aphids respectively. In addition, the longevity of 2nd instar larvae of green lacewing which fed on different mentioned hosts were recorded as 3.7±0.15, 7.8±0.29 and 6±0.21 days, respectively. The results showed that biological characteristics of larvae of Ch. carnea are were influenced by their food quality.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between rangeland aboveground production based on total aboveground production and life forms of grasses, forbs, and shrubs with 25-year temperature and precipitation data, the year before sampling, and the year of sampling in Hir and Neur rangelands in Ardabil province. To determine the aboveground production, the amount of production was estimated using the harvesting method in one square meter plots (totally 330 plots) in three elevation classes under the range of 1446-2750 meters. Temperature and precipitation were calculated for each plot. Aboveground production maps were prepared in a GIS environment using extracted regression equations. The results showed that over the years, precipitation decreased and temperature increased, and aboveground production also decreased in relation to those climatic factors. Moreover, there is a significant relationship (P<0. 01) between the aboveground production of life forms and total aboveground production with climatic factors, and aboveground production of grasses and total have a direct relationship with precipitation; however the maximum aboveground production of forbs was recorded in the middle ranges and maximum aboveground production of shrubs was recorded in the higher ranges of annual precipitation. Grasses and total aboveground production had an inverse relationship with temperature, and the maximum aboveground production of forbs and shrubs was recorded in the middle and lower ranges of annual temperatures, respectively. According to the accuracy of derived regression equations, the maps prepared by climatic data of 1394 and 1395 were better than 25-year climate data. The results of this study can be used for the supply-demand balance of aboveground production, biomass accounts, and ecosystem carbon balance indicator that is potentially an important tool for sustainable development.

The effects of feeding on aphids by green lacewing (GLW) on it’s fertility and the length of different immature stages were studied by using three different aphid species, namely rosy apple aphids (Dysaphis plantaginea Pass.), green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), and locust aphid (Aphis cracivora). Adult green lacewings were collected from the field in Khalatpushan Research Station and fed on 10% sucrose solution. By collecting of green lacewing eggs, one generation of GLW was reared on green apple aphid. Eggs from their offspring were used in the experiments. The lacewing larvae were reared in common ice-cups at 25±1°C and 75±5 R.H. in, an incubator. Emerged adults were fed on an artificial diet containing sugar, water and yeast extracts (1:1:1 by weight) during ovipostion period. Differences between each of the larval instars and among prey species and also their intracpon were significant (p=1%). Duration of larval and pupal stages was the longest in rosy apple aphid/ feeders while that of the locust aphid feeders was the lowest. Also the fertility of three mentioned dietary groups was significantly different (p= 1%) and the highest fertility resulted in feeding on the green peach aphid. It was concluded that a suitable prey may increase the developmental rate and / or fertility of a predator. Results indicated that favorable prey decreases developmental time of predator and increases adult fertility as well as it’s prey consumptions rate.

Nowadays, outdoor advertising media (including billboards, digital screens, and posters) in metropolitan areas are pushing man’ s innately adventurous eyes toward new levels of unhinged insatiability, while creating a flow of seemingly encrypted visual messages in the process that have all but transformed the spectators’ perception of values and meanings. Advertising media in metropolises may be regarded as animated images scattered around big cities in bits and pieces, forming a sequence of images that rapidly, and indeed incessantly, cut through and affect citizens. In much the same way as the sequences of a film – where each frame is lit, projected in the eyes of spectators for a split second, and then fade away, leaving a lasting impression that is almost impossible to define or even to explain – advertisement media may be said to cut through time and space; they hurl the images at their audience in unrelenting fashion and put citizens under their hypnotic spell, alienating them from themselves and causing them to forget their true identity. One may use the example of a film theater where the spectators are locked inside and have no way but to follow what is happening on the screen; the images infiltrate the mind of the viewers, render their bodies motionless, permeate their existence, and become the object of their whole thinking process. Thus, it follows that advertisement media in metropolitan areas create a cryptic, multi-layer atmosphere all over the city, injecting in it a torrent of vague shapes, images of alluring human bodies and faces, meticulously chosen words, and various products to transform the very meaning of the city and turn the city itself into yet another product or image. Traveling under the watchful, powerful gazes directed at them by the figures on display in advertising billboards, is an experience that turns the minds and bodies of citizens into objects replete with motion and emotion, somewhat recreating their identities from scratch. Here, a paradoxical feeling of the simultaneous absence and presence of a given advertised product is created within the spectator: an unreal, virtual presence which is also an absence, and which transmits a sense of inaccessibility and exceeding ideality that effortlessly provokes the desire and ‘ symptom’ of the spectator and compels them to long for the product and end up buying it. In truth, the citizen of a modern city may be described as a ‘ flâ neur’ who aimlessly saunters around the filmic atmosphere of the city – which is overflowed with advertising billboards and screens promoting products and consumerism – and finds within himself a gap, or a lapse, which he has been led to believe can only be mended by a montage of the countless sequences of images he has encountered and absorbed across the city. The said gap develops into a bizarre paradox that manifests in the form of a trauma in the psyche of the human being whose identity has been metamorphosed, lost its meaning, and become merely another in a long line of inconsequential product ready for consumption.

The corn armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hb.) is one of the main pests of summer as well as winter corn crop in the Khuzestan province. The pest has a wide host range, and damage to sugar beet and corn crops is economically important in Khuzestan province.The biological characteristics including, life cycle, number of generation, kind of damage, host preference, egg laying and population fluctuation of the pest were examined during this investigation.Egg clusters could be deposited on upper or lower side of corn leaves as well as on stems. Each larval stage had special feeding behavior. Damage caused by the thirtd and forth Corn plants with 3-4 leaves were preferred for egg lagging by female insects compare to older and yoounger plants. As diapouse is facultative in this insect, in an experiment conducted in optimal 17± 1 laboratorial conditions (300.), 10L/14RH and 60-70% generation were reared in one year.In the field condition of Khouzestan, the insect produced eight generations per year. Braconidae) and: Habrobracon sp. (Hym. Braconidae): Apanteles glomeratus (Hym. Were collected in the larval stages of the: pest. Chrysopa earn ea L. (Neur. Chrysopidae) and Vespa sp. (Hym. Vespidae) were among the most active predators which seemed to have an important role in the lowering pest population.