The green fluorescent protein (GFP) was originally isolated from the Jellyfish Aequorea Victoria that fluoresces green when exposed to blue light. GFP protein is composed of 238 amino acids with the molecular mass of 26.9 kD. The GFP gene is frequently used in cellular and molecular biology as a reporter gene. To date, many bacterial, yeast , fungal, plants, fly and mammalian cells, including human, have been created which express GFP. Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura, and Roger Tsien were awarded the 2008 noble prize in chemistry for their discovery and development of GFP. In many studies on mammalian cells, GFP gene is introduced into cells using vectorbased systems or a recombinant virus to track the location of a target protein or to study the expression level of the gene of interest, but in these studies there is no selection marker to normalize transfection. According to the importance of neomycin gene as a selection marker in mammalian cells, we aimed to produce a GFP expression vector that contains neomycin gene. GFP gene was separated from pEGFP-N1 vector and was inserted in the backbone of pCDNA3.1/His/LacZ vector that contained the neomycin gene. The resulted vector contained GFP beside neomycin gene.

Antibiotic production is a key area in biotechnology. To enhance the productivity and improve the economics, much attention has been paid on the improvement of the factors employed in the antibiotic production. Neomycin is an important aminoglycoside antibiotic used widely in pharmaceutical preparations. In this project, Neomycin production by Streptomyces fradiae was studied. Effective factors include: the composition of culture (starch media due to high polysaccharide carbon resource was selected), optimized pH of 7, temperature of 30°C shaking conditions was selected 150 rpm for 72 hr in electrical shaker or 400 rpm with 0.5 VVM air flux for 144 hr in 5 lit fermentor, the optimized production was 3760 mg/lit. Statistic Taguchi method was employed to optimize the production conditions. Results show that the media composition (soybean meal; MgSO4.7H2O; and starch) and pH were the most effective factors in production of Neomycin antibiotic.

Background and Objectives: Gentamicin, Neomycin, Streptomycin and ofloxacin are synthetic antibacterial agent belonging to the family of aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolones antibiotics with a very broad spectrum against of microbial pathogens, especially Gram-negative and urinary tract infectious diseases which in nowadays have good effect in diseases treatment in more countries in world-wide. The aim of this study was to see the effects of this drugs inducement, in Spermatogenesis cycle in rat.Materials and Methods: The fifty male wistar rat were selected and randomly divided into five groups; control (n=10) and test (n=40). The test groups was received 5mg/kg (IP) Gentamicin, 50 mg/kg(IP) Neomycin, 40 mg/kg (IP) Streptomycin, and72 mg/kg (PO) ofloxa cin daily for fourteenth day; however the control group just received vehicle (IP). In fourteenth day the testis tissue of Rat in whole groups were removed and sperm was collected from epididymis then prepared for analysis.Results: Light microsopic Obervation Showed that sperm cell count and viability as compared with compared with control group decreased significantly (p<0.001). When compared with control group, percentage of sperm motility decreased significantly in all experimental except ofloxacin group (p>0.05).Conclusion: Since in our study ofloxacin had only effect on sperm population and viability and hadn’t any effect on sperm motility percentage, so it seems that using this antibiotic is safest more than others on sperm health parameters.

Background: Acute otitis externa (AOE) is a common condition with multiple available treatments. This study aimed to compare gauze strips soaked in triamcinolone, neomycin, and nystatin with conventional eardrops for the treatment of AOE. Methods: This experimental study included patients with AOE referred to the Otolaryngology Clinic of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital, Bandar Abbas, Iran, 2014-2015. Based on their signs and symptoms, patients were divided into two clinical groups of mild to moderate and moderate to severe AOE. Patients treated with polymyxin B, neomycin, and hydrocortisone (polymyxin NH), or ciprofloxacin plus betamethasone eardrops were regarded as controls (conventional eardrops), and those whose ear canal had been filled with a gauze strip soaked in triamcinolone, neomycin, and nystatin (triamcinolone NN) were regarded as cases. Results: A total of 76 ears were included in this study (36 and 40 cases with mild to moderate and moderate to severe AOE, respectively). After 24 hours, in both clinical groups with mild to moderate and moderate to severe AOE, response to treatment with triamcinolone NN-soaked gauze strips was significantly higher than conventional eardrops (94. 4% vs. 11. 1%, P < 0. 001 and 80% vs. 10%, P < 0. 001, respectively). Conclusion: Patients with mild to severe AOE appear to rapidly respond to gauze strips soaked in triamcinolone, neomycin, and nystatin.

Background and aims: Bacterial infection is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory non-allergic rhinitis (NAR), and a broad-spectrum antibiotic should reduce the severity of the disease by eliminating the mucosal biofilm. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of a topical mixture of polymyxin, neomycin, and hydrocortisone in patients with NAR Materials and Methods: This double-blind phase 3 randomized clinical trial was conducted on 90 patients with non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) in Mashhad, Iran. The subjects experienced symptoms for more than two weeks, and the pretrial course of topical corticosteroids was ineffective. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment groups receiving polymyxin NH, hydrocortisone, or saline. The drug was administered as nasal drops three times daily for a treatment course of two weeks, and the containers were identical. The primary outcome was nasal obstruction. Results: The pretrial comparison showed no significant difference between groups in terms of clinical findings. However, after the trial, nasal obstruction, as the primary outcome, significantly decreased from 20 subjects (66%) to 7 subjects (23%) in the Polymyxin NH group, along with other secondary outcomes, including palatal itching (56% to 23%), sneezing (76% to 40%), mucosal inflammation (100% to 75%), post-nasal drip (PND) (96% to 63%), and concha swelling (96% to 73%). In the other groups, sneezing was the only significant improvement observed in the saline group. Cytology of nasal discharge showed a reduction in nasal neutrophil counts in the Polymyxin NH group (68±16. 7% to 46±27. 6%) compared to the hydrocortisone and saline-treated groups. Conclusions: Topical intranasal polymyxin NH is effective in treating patients with non-allergic rhinitis.

Antibiotic residues in milk have a potential hazard for the consumer and may cause allergic reactions, interference in the intestinal flora that result in development of resistant populations of bacteria, thereby rendering antibiotic treatment ineffective. The aim of this study was to determine neomycin residues in pasteurized milk in East-Azarbaijan province. For this, a total of 200 samples of pasteurized milk produced by five dairy processing establishments of East Azarbaijan province was randomly collected. The samples were obtained over the spring and autumn (100 samples for each season) of 2010. First, antibiotic residues were determined by Copan milk test. Afterwards, the competitive ELISA assay was used for the determination of neomycin concentration in positive samples. Of all samples, neomycin residues were observed in 9 and 13 samples and the mean neomycin residues amount were 43.20 ± 8.10 and 26.63±2.08 mg/L in spring and autumn, respectively. According to the limit of neomycin (1500 mg/l) in cow raw milk in Iran, despite all the remaining drugs in pasteurized milk, in any of the samples exceeded level of neomycin was not observed. Based on the results, continuousmonitoringofantibiotic residues inmilk samples is recommended.