Mediation, as used in law, is a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), a way of resolving disputes between two or more parties with concrete effects. Typically, a third party, the mediator, assists the parties to negotiate a settlement. Disputants may mediate disputes in a variety of domains, such as commercial, legal, diplomatic, workplace, community and family matters. The term "mediation" broadly refers to any instance in which a third party helps others reach agreement. More specifically, mediation has a structure, timetable, and dynamics that "ordinary" negotiation lacks. The process is private and confidential, possibly enforced by law. Participation is typically voluntary. The mediator acts as a neutral third party and facilitates rather than directs the process. Mediators use various techniques to open, or improve, dialogue and empathy between disputants, aiming to help the parties reach an agreement. Much depends on the mediator's skill and training.

Despite tremendous popularity of video games, there have been concerns about their detrimental effects on children. The game rating systems were developed to assist parents in monitoring their children’s gaming experiences. This paper explores how parents in Iran, as a society without established media rating systems, control their children’s gaming experiences. Mixed methods of semi-structured in-depth interview with 30 parents and survey with 500 parents are applied. Prominent categories of mediation among Iranian parents include: “restrictive mediation” (limiting the amount of time that children spend on playing video games), “instructive mediation” (warning children of negative effects of video games), and “social co-playing” (sitting near children during gaming sessions to check the game content). We also found that parents who are concerned about negative effects of gaming and parents who consider game rating system as essential exert more mediation over children's gaming experiences. Parents with high level of education, mothers, and parents of younger children apply more any of these three types of mediation. Finally, implications for game policy-making and suggestions for future research are provided.

China's role as a mediator between Saudi Arabia and Iran was surprising to many observers, because until recently, Beijing avoided from interference in prominent events on the world stage. China would prefer not to assume the responsibility of controlling threats to stability and give the UN an observer role in global events. Chinese mediation was new and clear evidence that Beijing has turned from Deng Xiaoping's principle of staying in the background diplomacy to the more active diplomacy of a great power. The aim of the current research is to investigate the role of China in mediating between Iran and Saudi Arabia based on Simon's decision-making theory related to risk management. Therefore, the basis of the questions of the current research is that why did Iran and Saudi Arabia choose China as a trusted and effective mediator? In response, this hypothesis is proposed that China's advantage for Iran and Saudi Arabia lies in its diplomatic paradigm, which includes avoiding taking one side and trying to bring both sides closer to each other, ability to take advantage of China's growing geo-economic influence and this country refrains from using force in regional affairs. The aim of this approach is to provide a new method for China's participation in regional peace affairs.The results of the research indicate that the success of China's mediation can be attributed to Beijing's diplomatic approach of non-commitment and non-intervention, which is based on China's neutral image between Iran and Saudi Arabia and its long-term accumulation of economic ties.

Mediation as a legal and political practice for the resolution of international disputes has a long history in different cultures including the Islamic culture. In this framework, the Islamic Republic of Iran mediated in two significant international disputes according to religious teachings and the expediencies of the Islamic state. While observing the main principles of mediation including those of impartiality and mutual consent, the Islamic Republic of Iran's mediation model involves a new approach to the subject of mediation based on collective mediation. Due to its historical background and very complicated ethnic differences in Central Asia and the Caucasus, success in mediation depends on many internal factors as well as external actors. On this ground, the Islamic Republic of Iran tried to mediate in the two Karabakh and Tajikistan disputes relying upon its cultural and historical commonalties with them. Moreover, favorable conditions for mediation and the readiness of parties involved in both disputes were influential in this decision.

Mediation is an alternative dispute resolution, so that by mediation of third party disputes resolved in amicable, mutual and bilateral way. This method resolves disputes out of court called non-adversarial method. Thus, it’s not only free from main procedural deficits like procedure longevity and high expense features but also resolve the dispute in mutual intimate way through satisfaction due to bilateral agreement. This is the most common method in commercial disputes because through intimation resolving the problems and disputes, in turn increase parties bilateral commercial relationships positively In comparison with two methods of negotiation and arbitration as two main amicable methods of problem solving methods it might say that mediation is the climax of amicable agreed resolutions. Knowing mediation, its types and how mediation resolves dispute in particular, in commercial disputes are the main issues studied in this article precisely.

Mediation is an appropriate dispute resolution method because of the possibility of resolving disputes peacefully and determining the outcome of the dispute by the parties.  Online mediation in e-commerce disputes, despite of the special circumstances of the parties due to the distance and impossibility of face-to-face meeting, allow individuals and business activists to resolve their disputes peacefully. In the current study, online mediation has been studied In terms of  "concept and characteristics", "advantages", "disadvantages", "process", "resolvable disputes", "enforcement of outcome" and "existing strategies for progress",  so that by clarifying the different legal aspects of this dispute resolution method, individuals can decide whether it is appropriate to use this dispute resolution method or not. Finally, the present article has reached the conclusion that due to the emergence of various technologies, in most disputes, online mediation can be exploited. At the same time, the lack of enforceability of online mediation results in most cases and the lack of guarantee for non- disclosure of confidential information in the dispute resolution process are the main problems of this method that can be solved by enacting comprehensive rules and training mediators.

Conflicts between students are a part of daily school life. If they are not supervised in a constructive way, conflicts can prevent the school from reaching its objectives and wil affect negatively the school climate. Mediation is one of the approaches, which aims to reduce conflict between individuals and groups at home, school or workplace. Acquiring resolution skills may provide students with the necessary tools to solve their own conflicts in a responsible and productive way. This Kind of training can also enhance students self -esteem and will improve their communication skills.The article reviews the history of mediation in western countries and describes essential elements of Adult and peer -Mediation programs. At the end, the advantages and limits of mediation training and its possible applications for Iranian schools are discussed.The article is prepared by Dr. Zahra Bazargan a facutly member of university of Tehran whose contribution is highly appreciated.