Introduction: Anthropometric measurements are useful in the surgery and diagnosis of congenital diseases. Also, these measurements could promote clinical efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the anthropometric measurements of the right and left auricles and determine the dominant type among both sexes of the Iranian population. Methods: The study included 400 people (200 males and 200 females) aged 20-30 years, in Bandar Abbas City (south of Iran). We measured nine anthropometric parameters on both sides, in this population. Results: In males, the mean values of the length of the auricle, the width of the auricle, the length of the concha, the width of the concha, cephalo-auricular angle, ear-skull distance, tragus-alar distance, nasal length, and the most common lobule shape were 59. 86 mm, 30. 71 mm, 24. 32 mm, 17. 83 mm, 57. 63˚, , 8. 71 mm, 101. 72 mm, 50. 31 mm, and round lobule, respectively, while in females were 60. 12 mm, 31. 36 mm, 25. 32 mm, 17. 73 mm, 55. 68˚, , 8. 40 mm, 101. 36 mm, 40. 76 mm, and round lobule, respectively. Also, we measured eight anthropometric parameters on both sides. The lop ear deformity rates in males and females were 10. 5% and 7. 8%, respectively. Conclusion: The shape and dimensions of auricle considerably differ between diverse populations because of ethnicity, race, gender, age, and the use of different measurement methods. Also, the present result showed that the auricle dimension of males was less than that of females, but it was more symmetric in male subjects.

The presence of soluble formations promotes the formation of karstic forms. Among the most important types of these forms are sinkholes. Since the Gachsaran Formation in Jaber and Maroon plains comprise the gypsum layers, the gypsum sinkholes have occurred inside them and the karst zones of Parau and Shahou heights in Kermanshah Province have also formed on the carbonate layers. The field studies confirm that there are major differences in the MORPHOMETRY and formation mechanism of gypsum and calcareous sinkholes. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the formation mechanism of these phenomena on their MORPHOMETRY and the differences and similarities of the two phenomena (gypsum and Calcareous sinkholes). In this study, the parameters of the sinkholes, including the general shape of the sinkholes, diameter, depth, slope, perimeter, and the area of ​​each sinkhole were collected. According to the Basu method, the gypsum sinkholes are categorized as elongated and bowl-shaped types, and on the basis of the Switch method, they are classified as bowl-shaped, pit-like, and funnel-shaped sinkholes. While another investigation conducted on the calcareous sinkholes indicates that these phenomena are mainly categorized in the form of oval and elongated sinkholes, and some of them are formed in the bowl-shaped types (based on the Basu Method). Besides, according to the Switch method, they are classified as bowl-shaped forms as well. Then, the relationship between these components was evaluated by using the multivariate linear regression statistical method and stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. One of the important results in this study was the direct relationship between the MORPHOMETRY of the shapes and their mechanism of formation. The plastic property of the Gachsaran Formation is the cause of the placement of this formation in synclines. It causes variation in the position of gypsum layers. So, gypsum layers had different places and different positions. The relationship between gypsum layers and effective water flows and the very high rate of dissolution of gypsum (compared to lime) causes gypsum sinkholes to have different mechanisms of formation and variation in form, even in a specific study area. As a result, modeling for gypsum sinkholes is more complex than limestone sinkholes. Introduction: Karst is a geomorphic and hydrological system that is formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum (Eziot et al., 2014). Gypsum and anhydrite are among the rock types which can be karstified easily and quickly (White, 1988). There is a close relationship between karst geomorphology and its evolution so that karst morphology phenomena are abundant and developed in the area (Ghobadi 2009, Karimi 2010). Generally, four different mechanisms are characterized for the formation of sinkholes. The mechanisms are solutions from above, collapse from the bottom, soil transport, and removal of buoyant support. Sometimes the formation of the sinkholes is due to a combination of different mechanisms. It seems that the above-mentioned mechanisms can also be applied to gypsum sinkholes; the only difference is the formation speed of the landform (Gunay, 2002). This research attempted to investigate the structural and morphometric differences and similarities between the gypsum and calcareous sinkholes and to compare their mechanisms of formation. Methodology: Due to the considerable difference between the dimensions of the gypsum and calcareous sinkholes in this study, two methods were applied to study and extract the sinkhole forms. In a study carried out by Zamanzadehh et al. (2019), the sinkholes of the study areas were extracted based on DEM10 and CCLs methods. Given the much smaller size of gypsum karstic sinkholes in comparison to the calcareous sinkholes, the CCLs method cannot be used to investigate the morphometric features of the gypsum sinkholes in the study areas of Maroon and Jaber plains. Thus, field studies are the only way to identify these sinkholes. After the field investigation and measuring the characteristics of sinkholes in both study areas, the required parameters were prepared by SPSS software. Results: In this research, Basu and Switch methods were used to determine the morphology of the sinkholes. According to the calculations, most of the sinkholes of the Maroon plain are categorized in elongated forms, and the most frequent sinkholes of the Jaber plain are of the circular category, while in Zamanzadehh et al. (2019), based on the Basu method, the least and the most frequent sinkholes are of circular and oval types, respectively. Also, some of the sinkholes are classified as elongated ones. Using the Switch method, in the Maroon and Jaber plains, 14% of the sinkholes are of pit-like type, 13% of them are funnel-shaped, and 73% of them are categorized as bowl-shaped, while in the case of calcareous sinkholes (Zamanzadehh et al., 2019), all of them are bowl-shaped. However, based on the studies and observations, it should be noted that the vicinity of marl and gypsum, and marl collapse within the gypsum sinkholes can cause major changes in the MORPHOMETRY of the sinkholes and disrupt these assumptions. Conclusion: According to the results of the conducted research on the gypsum sinkholes, the components of the area with large diameter, the area with small diameter, a deep area, and a large diameter demonstrate the most significant correlation. The results of Zamanzadehh et al. (2019) confirm that the components of the perimeter with large diameter, small diameter with perimeter, large diameter with the area, an area with perimeter, and small diameter with an area have the most significant correlation. The results of simple regression analysis of second and third-degree equations between morphometric parameters of gypsum sinkholes show that there is the highest correlation rate among some parameters such as perimeter and area, small diameter and large diameter of gypsum sinkholes, while the obtained results of Zamanzadehh et al. (2019) confirms that the maximum significant relationship is between the area and perimeter components. The results of stepwise multiple linear regression analysis among the morphometric components of the sinkholes show that the highest quantity of the coefficient of determination is related to the area, small diameter and large diameter, and depth, and the lowest quantity of the coefficient of determination is related to the slope with depth, and large and small diameters. However, according to Zamanzadehh et al. (2019), the maximum quantity of significant relationship is related to perimeter parameter with the parameters of large and small diameters, and the least quantity of significant relationship is related to the components of the slope with depth, small diameter, and large diameter. The reason for the difference between the dimensions of calcareous and gypsum sinkholes can be owing to the thickness of gypsum and calcareous layers. The presence of the limestone on the crest of the elevations and the existence of gypsum sinkholes in the synclines, as well as the thickness of calcareous layers, compared to the gypsum layers, and the difference in dissolution rate of these two layers are the main factors behind the differences in the formation mechanism of these features. The presence of the creeks on the formations and gypsum layers of the Maroon plain form the elongated sinkholes. In the Jaber plain, where most of the sinkholes are formed on the knick line, the intersection point of a hillside concentrated flow and the gypsum layer has created circular sinkholes. However, it should be noted that the presence of gypsum layers with marl layers and their vicinity changes the appearance of these sinkholes rapidly (due to the collapse of marl) and basically influences their MORPHOMETRY. The dissolution is the most important factor for the formation of calcareous sinkholes, and the fault factor is the only parameter that has caused a high proportion of oval and elongated sinkholes in comparison with circular sinkholes. However, due to the plasticity and thickness of the gypsum layers in the Gachsaran Formation, the effects of tectonic activities on these layers are damping, and the faults do not affect the formation of the sinkholes. One of the most significant reasons that have led to the higher correlations of calcareous sinkholes to gypsum sinkholes stems from the formation type of them.

Landslides move a huge volume of materials from a place to another place. Moreover, landslides may lead sediment to increase in Downstream of the basin which can be a threat to the populations and may cause erosion, in addition to affecting the landscape of the region. In this article, the landslide of Moallem-Kalaye in Alamut basin, one of the main sub-basins of the Shahroud, is investigated. The basis of the identification and studying of Moallem-Kalaye landslide is on field studies and Phenomenological interpretation. In this regard, in addition to the MORPHOMETRY of different forms inside the landslide, the authors have climbed the surrounding heights and examined the role of related landforms in the happening of the catastrophic disaster. The topography prior to the landslide was rebuilt by the ArcGIS software and the result topography was analyzed against the current status. Next, the volume of the moved materials was estimated. The amount of the materials extracted in the landslide, by raster calculation in ArcGIS. The landslide of Moallem-Kalaye with the width of 1.3 kilometers (the crown part of the landslide), the longitude of 1.6 kilometers, and the average depth of 80 meters has taken place in the conglomerate of the Andj, which has moved a sum of 91 million cubic meters. The existence of a conglomerate with a very steep slope and marl filled with water, has led a wide area of materials to move. The area of the surface of failure has been roughly 2.632 square kilometers, the materials have scattered on a surface of more than 13.5 square kilometers. Findings show that weaker landslides in the upper side, ruins the hydrological situations of the lower side, regions and provides the grounds for huge landslide.

Introduction: In morphologically normal-appearing inner ears, measurements of the distance between the round window and carotid canal (RCD), the maximum diameter of the basal turn of the cochlea next to the round window (BD), and the thickness of the promontory (PT) just lateral to the basal turn may be used as guide for safe cochleostomy and implant placement. Materials and Methods: From January to March 2022, a cross-sectional observational study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital. The round window to carotid canal distance (RCD), the largest diameter of the cochlea's basal turn next to the round window (BD), and the thickness of the promontory immediately lateral to the basal turn (PT) were measured using CT temporal bone images of 150 persons without cochlear abnormalities. The values obtained were compared using Paired T-test for significance of difference between both genders and sides. Results: A total of 150 participants—, 75 men and 75 women—, with a mean age of 37. 5 years were enrolled in the study. With a range of 7. 18 mm to 10. 52 mm, the mean RCD was 8. 84 mm (SD 0. 8 mm). The mean BD was 2. 27 mm (SD 0. 4 mm), while the mean PT was 1. 15 mm (SD 0. mm). The values obtained did not differ significantly in both the genders and the right and left sides (p = 0. 37 and 0. 24, respectively). Conclusion: The present study has defined and calculated pertinent measures at cochleostomy site that will aid safe electrode insertion and prevent misplacement.

Because of continuous changing of anatomy, function and metabolism of the human brain, age- related change is a major risk factor in most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinsons and Huntingtons disease. Therefore, knowing patterns of age-related atrophy of brain tissue can identify causes and possible role of diseases in decreasing brain function with age. The aim of this study was to determine the age, sex, and hemispheric differences in volume of the human neostriatum (striatum) nucleus in right-handed healthy humans. This study was performed on 120 normal human subjects (60 males, 60 females) 15–65 years old that was divided into young (<40 years) and old (³40 years) groups. The sectional brain images obtained via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was analyzed and processed using the Image-J software and the caudate volume was calculated using the Cavalieri’s principle. The analyses revealed bilateral age-related changes in the caudate volume of both sexes and the caudate nucleus was significantly smaller in older than younger subjects (P<0.001). There were statistically significant volume differences between males and females (P<0.05) and there was a significant negative correlation between age and volume of the caudate nucleus. Our results provide useful baseline data on age and gender-related changes of caudate volume in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons and Huntingtons, which has the potential to diagnose neurodegenerative disease before the appearance of typical clinical symptoms.

The study area from Sedimentary-structurl Units of Iran is located in Khoy ophiolite zone and Alborz-Azarbayjan zone. Studied area is in northwest Khoy between 44o 30´ E and 45o00´E longitudes and38o 30' N and 39o 00´ N latitudes. This research uses calculation of morphotectonic indexes to study effects of active range boundary within range faults in study area on drainage pattern and river streams. Using the results of calculating some morphotectonical index in combinations with other data types, neotectonical activities rate is determined in some selected basins.

Two dimensional slope profile morphometric investigation in a part of the land failure prone Garhwal region of the Lesser Himalaya, Tehri district, U. P., India, indicates that the landslip morphology is closely related to the dominant movement processes active in this terrain. Technique developed for the morphometric analysis of landslips involves the use of five morphometric indices. Each index has been formulated to give an indication of the processes responsible for producing variation on landslip form. The measurements indicated the degree of dilation, flowage, displacement and tenuity. The depth/length ratio is used as a numerical parameter to classify landslips into process groups. Multivariate discriminant function criteria have been worked out to differentiate between various slope movement processes. The result indicated that among all two dimensional slope profile morphometric indices, Classification, Dilation and Tenuity indices contribute significantly in discriminating various slope movement processes. Based on these indices, bivariate and univariate plots have been prepared as discriminant tools to predict various types of slope movements.