In this article, football has been considered and studied as a social cultural modernization context. From the researchers point of view, football is a prevalent context in which it has been presented and supported by the new social forces quite voluntarily. Today football has been considered not only as a fair play but also as a life context. At the end, the researcher has tried to demonstrate what this new status means, on the basis of a Weberian approach, or what the nature of this new event is.

Based on western philosophical thought, a thorough reconsideration of the rapid urban and regional modernization procedures reveals continual principles that have, and are, guiding the course of modern urbanism. By contemplating the subjectivity of Modernity and its corresponding phenomenon 'capitalism', the authors aim at discovering the specifications of urban modernization procedures, so as to be able to judge the contemporary city and the contemporary urbanism. This will also uncover some interesting aspects of early modernists' speculations on, and their correct understanding of the 'modern city'.

In the chaotic and overexcited era of the Constitutional Period, Mirzadeh Eshqi was a live and vibrant poet; fortunate enough to think about modernization. Within the versified worldview of Eshqi one can observe all the aspects of the phenomenon now known as "modernization". The feature most of notice in the structure of thought and approach of Eshqi is his paradoxical and heterogeneous attitude towards the different dimensions of modernity. Eshqi's ideas constantly flow within a black and white whirlpool approach; in other words there are constant changes. Therefore such an entirety-seeking thinking would be full of paradoxes. In Eshqi's worldview, there is not any share for wisdom and rationality; where this atmosphere mostly represents a picture of destruction, seeking revolution and carnage. Eshqi is so nervous and vehement natured that once he views an instance, he tends towards exaggeration and observes all human beings the same; regardless of whether they are good or bad. In overall, Eshqi's attitude towards the Iranian individuals is filled with paradox and contrasts. This article surveys the concept of modernization in Eshqi's poetry.

Modernization and reforms in Iran in the early 19th century and in the period of Abas Mirza and then in the era of Amir Kabir and Sepahsalar, from above and by government official, were not successful because of the tyrannical nature of Ghajari regime and the opposition of vested interests with the weakness and decline of the central government, reformist social movements from "Tobacco" to "Constitutional" movements emerged which could not reach to their goals and then the modern and absolutist state of Reza Shah came to power.During the era of Pahlavi modernization, especially by the increase of oil revenues in the 1960 and 1970 decades, intensified, but because of the lack of a comprehensive theoretical framework and again the tyrannical nature of the state in the form of a "Neopatriarchy" and corruption and repression and non-participatory nature of decision making process and then conflict between the state and society or religion, led to the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

Theories of modernization, old and new Pioter Sztompka /Gh.R. Arjomandi Theories of modernization and convergence are the product of the post Second World War era. Both have been formulated in response to the new emerging division of human society into three distinct ‘Worlds’: the First World of the developed industrial society; the Second World of the ‘socialist’ societies Payke Noor, 1/14 and the Third World of the postcolonial societies of the South and East. Classical theories of modernization focus on the contrast between the First and the Third Worlds, whereas the theories of convergence, as well as recently emerging theories of post-communist transition, take the cleavage between the First and the Second Worlds as their main theme.The conconcept of modernization, the mechanism of modernization, the critique of the idea of modernization and a brief account of Neomodernization and Neo-convergence theory are the main axes of this subject.

Rupert Goold's adaptation of Macbeth (2010) is relatable to some of the dilemmas of the contemporary human beings. In this comparative study, the relationship between the concept of power, images and staging, such as closed and dark spaces, costumes, and scene designs are examined. The present paper draws on Linda Hutcheon’s theory of adaptation and the analysis of the cultural, social and historical context to explain the significance of the film's scene design and spaces. It examines the ways in which new methods are employed to present socio-historical elements in the context of the primary source of the adaptation using Robert Stam’s intertextual dialogism model which helps us to find the relation between images and concepts presented in the film. Goold has attempted to reflect the contemporary situation by using new visual techniques. The paper concludes that similar instances of the exercise of power still exist in the contemporary times. Goold's adaptation is an attempt to make the silenced voices of today’s victims of surveillance and control heard.

The improvement of science and technology in recent centuries has caused man to take control over nature. Man's concept of nature has changed and the relationship between man and nature is destroyed. Regarding agriculture, "Green Revolution" is a result of the interaction between mental processes and the development in technology.Man with modern facilities like: chemical fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural machinery, cross-bred seeds ruined nature, to obtain maximum production. But nowadays environmental and social disorders resulting from modernization processes have made us think of other ways of production. On the one hand we have been equipped with modern technology while trying to retain the tradition techniques of production. Postmodern agriculture is actually a return to indigenous techniques without ignoring the effectiveness of modern technology. Doing this we will be able to develop an appropriate agricultural system consistent with the ecological and social conditions of our country.

In 1990 decade after the realization of the importance of sophisticated weapons in the Persian Gulf war (1990-1991), the process of revolution in military affairs, the increasing strategic concern due to the challenges posed by the United States to the military interests of China in Taiwan, the emergence of Japan as a regional military power and also the military power of India and its increasing regional influence which made the occurrence of war more possible, one witnesses China’s inclination towards defence technology and modernization of People’s Liberation Army (PLA). Therefore in security thinking of China the priority of improving the military power has reached the level of priority of economic development.In this direction the Chinese leaders in the past decade taking into consideration the above changes have set strategic goals and adjusted their defence policies and have achieved enormous progress in defence technological field.